Feasibility Sample

Table of Contents Executive Summary1 Company Description2 Organization2 Location2 Capitalization3 Business Concept5 Concept Description and Statement5 Sample Menu7 Design/Layouts7 Management Team8 Managing Partner/Owner 8 General Manager8 Kitchen Manager/Chef9 Management Agreements9 Confidentiality Agreements10 Market Analysis11 Industry Assessment11 Target Market15 Location Analysis16 Competitive Analysis19 Marketing Strategy21 Overview21 Customer Database21 Frequent Diner22 Email Campaign23 Mailer campaign23 Community/Charity Involvement24 Business Relationships24 4 Walls Marketing25 Public Relations25Advertising26 Operations27 Overview27 Staffing27 Training28 Daily Operations & Production29 Customer Service31 Suppliers32 Management Controls33 Administrative Systems34 Investment Analysis36 Source of Funds36 Capital Contributions (Investment Roles)36 Growth Plan/Exit Strategy39 Expansion Plans39 Investor Exit Options39 Investor Expansion Options39 Financial Projections40 Project Sou rces & Uses of Cash43 Capital Budget (Start-up Cost Projections)44 Sales Projection45 Hourly Labor Projection46 Detailed Statement of Income & Cash Flow Year 147 Summary Statement of Income & Cash Flow Year 148Summary Statements of Income & Cash Flow Years 1-549 Break-Even Cash Flow Projection50 Appendices51 Executive Summary Dor-El is a  new  burger shop that will serve fresh and healthy vegan patties burger. Strategically located at Barangay Batasan Hills, Quezon City. The shop is adjacent to President Corazon Aquino Elementary School, just beside Batasan National High School and Quezon City Polytechnic University. Dor-El burger shop gives an emphasis on organic and creative ingredients, serving students and locals an alternative snacks and meals that is affordable, tasty, and healthier because they are made from vegetables patties.Highlights of the Study Food Dor-El burger shop will offer the community a new exciting menu of  meals that are made from veggie patties and cold beverages. The main ingredients to the recipe are a combination of tofu and mushrooms that makes it healthy. This patty will be the main ingredient of all the meals that will be served in the shop. Vegan patty will be used as a healthy, tasty alternative for those regular burgers that are high in calories and fats. Customers The target audience is focused on the students and locals living near the vicinity of Barangay Batasan Hills.Second, are the burger enthusiasts. And finally, the health enthusiast seeking for an alternative for their usual hamburger Conclusion Dor-El burger shop will provide an unmet dining experience. All patrons receive excellent customer service, encouraging them to return. The menu offerings are fast, simple, and very healthy. The following study will provide the reader/s with (a) an understanding of the background of the study, (b) the purpose of the study, (c) the reasons why this was important (d) and methods selected for data gathering and analysis. Pro ject Background and HistoryThe purpose of this study is to present a proposal which seeks to conduct a feasibility study for selling a Vegan Patty in the vicinity of Batasan Hills wherein it is surrounded by schools and other establishments. An innovating recipe will be introduced to the market. The target audiences are the burger enthusiast, at the same time, the health conscious customers seeking for a healthier alternative for their snacks and meals. We commonly know that consuming a regular burger (consisting of a cooked patty of ground meat usually placed inside a sliced hamburger bun) which is high in calories and fats is bad for our health.A hazard of saturated fat in the diet appears to be increased risk of diabetes. Saturated fats can increase insulin sensitivity and the metabolic syndrome. There are conditions that increase the risk of diabetes. Fast food hamburger are usually somewhat greasy, so the presumption that a fast food hamburger would have the same effect on bloo d pressure. And it is true that all fats can cause weight gain. But there are also healthy fats. Such as in nuts, fruits like avocados, fish and olive oil, can be eaten in moderation.The main ingredients to the recipe are the combination of tofu and mushrooms that makes it healthy. The cost of the food is much affordable and less preparation time that makes this competitive to other burger shops out there. Management and Personnel Feasibility Organization Dor-EL Burger Shop will be wholly owned and be operated by a graduating HRS student of Infotech Institute of Arts and Sciences, Marcos Highway branch, Ms. Willyn R. Donor. Dor-El burger shop will be a sole proprietorship, with the help from the owner’s family and friends. LocationDor-El burger shop will be located at Barangay Batasan Hills, Quezon City, across President Corazon Aquino Elementary School, and just beside Batasan National High School and Quezon City Polytechnic University. The location of the shop is an integra l part of the strategic plan since it is within the vicinity where it is near school facilities. Passer bys and local residents will have an easy access to the shop. The facility for the burger shop is a lease stall. In front of it is a 2 4-sitter tables with umbrella allocated that are for customers.Proposed Logo This is a proposed logo to be used for the burger shop. Dor-El is the combination of the names of Salvador and Ely, who are the guardians of Ms. Willyn R. Donor. Orange is used for the design of logo. It is said that orange increases oxygen supply to the brain, produces an invigorating effect, and stimulates mental activity. It is highly accepted among young people. As a citrus color, orange is associated with healthy food and stimulates appetite. Orange is the color of fall and harvest. The borders are red and yellow.These colors are supposed to promote appetite. Thus, we can say that even the proposed logo is a part of the marketing strategy. Business Concept Concept Des cription and Statement Dor-El burger shop will be an inexpensive, quick service style shop serving high quality and healthy meals. The service style of the shop will be a counter service style concept wherein the customer will order from the counter and will be serve t immediately after ordering. The decor for Dor-El burger shop can be described as fast paced for students and people on the go.The furnishings/design will reflect the projected image of the decor and shop concept. Unique selling points of the restaurant include veggie burgers on the go, and a menu that is student budget friendly. This concept requires a lease space of approximately 8 square feet to 10 square feet. Enough space for a small kitchen to prepare the meals, and a counter. Dor-El burger shop will be open 6 days a week. The shop anticipates serving continuously during the breakfast, lunch and snack meal periods. The expected hours of operation are as follows: Days |Time of Operation | |Mondays |6:00 AM †“ 5:00 PM | |Tuesdays |6:00 AM – 5:00 PM | |Wednesday |6:00 AM – 5:00 PM | |Thursdays |6:00 AM – 5:00 PM | |Fridays |6:00 AM – 5:00 PM | |Saturdays |6:00 AM – 5:00 PM | |Sundays |Closed | The restaurant should be perceived as a quick service establishment appealing to adults, families of all ages, business and residential customers, students, burger enthusiast and the health conscious. Average meal prices for lunch will run P20. 00 to P80. 00. The average length of the dining experience at lunch is anticipated to be around 15 to 30 minutes. As mentioned earlier, the menu will feature mostly meals and burgers made with vegan patties.A high quality fast food yet very healthy vegetable patties replacing regular burgers that are made with ground meat. Signature dishes include the usual hamburger and cheeseburger. But they will be made with vegan patties. Sample Menu {SUMMARY OVERVIEW: Use this section to display a sample menu if you have one pre pared. A well written and attractively designed menu sample can help to sell your concept. Refer to the related links regarding menu engineering. Related Links: Menu Engineering Basics; Sharpen Your Menu IQ; Online Seminar: Menu Format & Design Techniques This summary overview should be deleted from your working copy after you have completed the text in this section. } Design/Layouts SUMMARY OVERVIEW: Architectural drawings, floor plans, and artist renderings will also help to sell your concept. Include visual components of the concept in this section if available. Related Links: 26 Concept and Design Items You may be Overlooking; How to Design Your Restaurant’s Floorplan; How to Design a Seating Capacity of a Dining Room This summary overview should be deleted from your working copy after you have completed the text in this section. } Management Team {SUMMARY OVERVIEW: This section of the restaurant business plan is intended to convey the background and experience of the man aging partners or owners as well as key management personnel that will operate the business. You hould include a resume type summary for each of the management or owner/management persons or entities such as a Management contractor. The summary should begin with the name of the person and a brief description of the role they will have in the management of the business. You may also choose to insert actual resumes in this section or list them in the Appendices section of the business plan. You should change the titles of the management positions as needed. It is not essential to use the titles as listed; only that you list key management personnel. Other titles might include Director of Operations, Vice-President, Area Manager, Bar Manager, Entertainment Director, Banquet or Catering Director, etc.Related Links: Download Job Descriptions from RestaurantOwner. com This summary overview should be deleted from your working copy after you have completed the text in this section. } Managi ng Partner/Owner – [Name of Owner/Partner] {SUMMARY OVERVIEW: The primary owners/managing partners should be listed first. Change the title of this section as needed (i. e. Sole Proprietor; Managing Partner(s); General Partner; etc. ) It is acceptable to include multiple partners in this section. Explain the management role the individual will have in running the business and give a brief description of the individual’s experience and qualifications to occupy this role.A resume may be included here or listed and included in the Appendices section. This summary overview should be deleted from your working copy after you have completed the text in this section. } [Name of Owner/Partner] has enjoyed a successful career for over [# of years] years in the restaurant industry. [Mr. /Ms. ] began [his/her] career at [name the establishment] as a [name the position]. Since then [he/she] has excelled in the industry, having worked at [name other places of importance; list former positions held; summarize any successes; add sentences as needed]. General Manager – [Name of General Manager] {SUMMARY OVERVIEW: The General Manager is a crucial position to the success of a restaurant.You may omit this section if one of the managing owners will be filling the General Manager’s role (be sure to note this on the managing owner’s role summary. A resume may be included here or listed in the Appendices section. Related Links: Download General Manager Job Description This summary overview should be deleted from your working copy after you have completed the text in this section. } [Name of General Manager] is uniquely qualified as the General Manager for [Name of restaurant]. [He/She] has been in the restaurant industry for over [# of years] years. Previous experience includes [list former positions held; summarize any successes; add sentences as needed].As the General Manager [he/she] will oversee and coordinate the planning, organizing, training and leadership necessary to achieve stated objectives in sales, costs, employee retention, guest service and satisfaction, food quality, cleanliness and sanitation. Kitchen Manager/Chef – [Name of Kitchen Manager] {SUMMARY OVERVIEW: The Kitchen Manager or Chef is another essential position. Explain the role this position will have in the operation of the restaurant. Give a brief summary of the experience and unique qualities of the individual that will help the operation to be successful. A resume may be included here or listed in the Appendices section. Related Links: Download Kitchen Manager Job Description This summary overview should be deleted from your working copy after you have completed the text in this section. The Kitchen Manager for [Name of restaurant] will be [Name of Kitchen Manager]. [He/She] has an extensive background in the restaurant industry. [His/Her] [previous/current] position [was/is] the [list position] for [Name of restaurant/business]. Other experi ence includes [list former positions held; summarize any successes; add sentences as needed]. As Kitchen Manager, [Name of Kitchen Manager] will be directly responsible for all kitchen functions including food purchasing, preparation and maintenance of quality standards; sanitation and cleanliness; training of employees in methods of cooking, preparation, plate presentation, portion and cost control and sanitation and cleanliness.Management Agreements {SUMMARY OVERVIEW: Management agreements, though not mandatory, may be used to lay out the expectations of the manager, the incentive plans, if any, and a termination strategy. You should disclose if there are to be any management agreements in place between the company and owners, hired employees, or third party management company. Include a copy of the management agreement if available either here or in the Appendices section of the plan. It is also acceptable to state that while a management agreement will be in place, none has been drafted as of yet. You should consult with your attorney before implementing a management agreement.Related Links: Restaurant Management Contracts; Download Employment Agreement Template This summary overview should be deleted from your working copy after you have completed the text in this section. } Management Agreements will be executed between the company and [list all parties that will execute a management agreement]. The purpose of these agreements is to define the expectations of both parties, establish an incentive structure, and define the grounds under which the agreement may be terminated. These agreements have been reviewed by the private counsel of [name the law firm that drafted or reviewed the agreements]. Sample agreements can be found in the Appendices section. Confidentiality Agreements SUMMARY OVERVIEW: This section assures investors, bankers, and prospective partners that the company will be proactive in the protection of trade secrets and confidential informati on that could harm or threaten the success or growth of the restaurant and its owners. Related Links: Download Confidentiality Agreement This summary overview should be deleted from your working copy after you have completed the text in this section. } [Name of restaurant] will enforce that all employees sign a confidentiality agreement. Confidentiality agreements with our employees and partners will protect our recipes, operating systems, policies and procedures. Having a confidentiality agreement in place is essential to protect the company’s trade secrets, and show our employees that we take our business seriously. A sample agreement can be found in the Appendices section. Market Analysis SUMMARY OVERVIEW: The Market Analysis section should reveal several factors about the potential market for your concept. This section has been designed to educate the reader about the restaurant market in general and how that relates to your particular concept. It begins with an overview of the state of the restaurant industry. The next step is to evaluate the target market that your concept best appeals to and how that relates to the overall restaurant market with respect to diner demographics, preferences, and habits. The next component, the Location Analysis, should describe the market conditions that exist in the location you have selected.It should also compare the location statistics to your anticipated target market. Finally, it should include a competitive analysis that depicts the area competition and how that will affect your concept. There are several companies, as well as software aids, that specialize in location and demographic statistical data and feasibility analysis. Real estate brokers in particularly have access to much of the information needed to complete a comprehensive market analysis. This summary overview should be deleted from your working copy after you have completed the text in this section. } Industry Assessment {SUMMARY OVERVIEW: This section is used to describe the state of the estaurant market in general. The National Restaurant Association publishes their annual Restaurant Industry Forecast each year and makes it available for purchase. This makes a great appendix for a business plan. This business plan template includes a summary of some key statistics found in this report and other publications issued by the NRA. Related Links: 2007 Restaurant Industry Forecast This summary overview should be deleted from your working copy after you have completed the text in this section. } Stronger Sales According to the National Restaurant Association, industry sales for 2007 are expected to reach a record $537 billion dollars in the U. S.That figure is a whopping 5% increase over 2006 sales and represents the sixteenth consecutive year of real sales growth for the industry. Restaurant industry sales account for 4% of the GNP for the United States. Positive economic indicators and increases in consumer’s disposable income give rise to expectations that 2007 will be another record year for the industry. The total number of locations is expected to top 935,000 in this year and reach 1 million locations by the year 2010. Eating places, defined as full-service, limited service, cafeterias, social caterers and snack bars by the NRA, contribute the bulk of industry food and drink sales.Of that segment, full-service restaurant sales for 2007 are projected to reach $182 billion, a growth rate of 5. 1% over 2006. Quick-service sales are also set to increase by 5% and topping $150 billion in 2007 Ethnic Diversity Restaurants have long been considered among the most diverse workplaces with foreign-born employees making up roughly 25% of the workforce. This diversity ratio spills over into restaurant ownership as well, with one in four eating and drinking establishments being owned by African- Americans, Hispanic-Americans or Asian-Americans — a ratio that is higher than the national average. Furt hermore, the number of minority-owned restaurants is growing faster than the industry as a whole. Leading EmployerThe restaurant industry is the nation’s largest private-sector employer with approximately 12. 8 million workers in 2007 representing almost 9% of the total U. S. workforce. According to the National Restaurant Association, the industry has created, on average, approximately 250,000 jobs per year for the last ten years and is slated to add 2 million new jobs during the next ten years. Nevertheless, the industry remains far behind other retail segments, posting $61,000 in annual sales for every full time equivalent employee. Furthermore, and even though the labor shortage is not as severe as it was in the mid to late 1990s, a sizeable proportion of restaurant operators report that the lack of labor is causing problems.In a National Restaurant AssociationSurvey, forty-six percent of quickservice operators and roughly one-third of fullservice restaurants reported tha t they were seeing fewer applicants for hourly positions than they had two years before. Restaurant operators reported an even greater decline in the number of qualified job applicants. Sixty-eight percent of quickservice operators and nearly half of fullservice operators surveyed said that they were seeing fewer qualified job applicants than two years earlier. Many restaurateurs say it’s taking longer to fill job vacancies than it did two years ago. Operators, in their effort to combat labor shortages, are expected to dedicate more resources to employees training, offer health benefits, and take measures to step up recruiting. Meeting ChallengesIn addition to labor concerns, operators report that rising wholesale costs, energy cost, healthcare insurance and liability insurance costs have negative impacts on their business. As a result, the National Restaurant Association has slated these issues as part of their public policy agenda. They have pledged to take an active role i n affecting commodity prices and trade and support current legislation for healthcare reform. They also support an effective energy policy and are in favor of legal reform to reduce frivolous lawsuits against the industry. Consumer Trends Approximately 47% of all food dollars spent by consumers is spent in eating and drinking establishments.That figure is up dramatically since 1955 in which only 25% of all consumers spending for food and drink went to restaurants. 43% of adults are of the opinion that eating away is as cost effective as cooking at home and cleaning up. Expenditures on food away from home rise dramatically for households with income before taxes of $30,000 or more. Household incomes of greater than $75,000 have increased to 28%. Higher income households tend to spend more of their food dollar in meals away from home. According to the National Restaurant Association’s Restaurant Spending the typical American household spent $2,634 on food away from home, a per capita expenditure of $1054.Households in metropolitan areas tend to spend more than households in non-metropolitan areas. Households with income over $70,000 spent an average of $4,544, $1,466 per capita on food away from home. Other trends noted in the report showed that adults between 35 and 54 spend more on food away from home as a result of their higher incomes. Of that group, households headed by 35-44-year-olds spent an average of $3,234 for food away from home. Flourishing economic growth, changing lifestyles and a diverse ethnic population have contributed to the variety of cuisine and restaurant concepts, making the U. S. a world leader in restaurant innovation.Ethnic cuisines have mingled with traditional restaurant fare resulting in varied menus at every industry segment. The baby boomer population, the demographic segment that has the most significant impact in terms of marketing and menu mix, is getting older. By the year 2010, 19% of the population will be between the ages of 50 and 64. The changing dining habits of this group will greatly influence menus and restaurant concepts in the coming years. Statistics show that the average adult purchased a meal 5. 3 times per week in 2004. Public awareness of health issues continues to prompt operators to provide more health conscious menu items. Entree salads saw the most significant increase across all industry segments.Low-carb items, healthful options for children, and locally produced foods and produce have become more prevalent. Operators expect to see continued interest in ethnic foods, high flavor items such as bold and spicy foods, sandwiches and seafood. Beverage trends were characterized by the continuing popularity of bottled water, specialty coffees and iced tea, and increasing wine sales at full service restaurants. 69% of quick service operators reported that bottled water sales had significant increases. A federal survey released in September 2004 revealed that Americans spend 73 minute s a day eating and drinking. They spend approximately 5. 1 hours per day on other leisure activity such as watching television, exercising or socializing.Travel and tourism is again on the rise with an expected 2% increase in domestic travel and a 5. 6% increase in tourism from abroad. Tourism is expected to increase closer to pre 9/11 levels by the year 2007. Operation Trends Greater use of technology and more reliance on staff training will be used to increase productivity and gain higher revenues. More than two-thirds of restaurant operators say they are more productive than they were two years ago. Nearly thirty percent of food-service operators say they are increasing their budget for technology spending. Nearly two thirds of all restaurants now have websites including 9 out of 10 fine dining restaurants.In addition to posting information such as menu and location, an increasing number are expected to offer other services such as reservations, delivery and takeout ordering. Men u prices for 2007 are expected to increase at a rate of 2. 9%, slightly lower than the 3. 1% growth seen in 2005 and 2006. The expected increase is due in part to increased commodity and energy costs, as well as the increase in the minimum wage. Gift cards and gift certificates in restaurants continue to be the number one preference by consumers as compared to other retail industries. Gift card (and gift certificate) sales account for roughly 5% of annual restaurant sales.Expect a continued increase in the number of restaurants offering gift cards in 2008. Banquet, catering, delivery and takeout continue to be on the rise in full service restaurants as operators take advantage of assets already in place. Half of family- and casual-dining operators and two thirds of fine-dining operators now offer catering. Nearly 40% of operators surveyed by the NRA say that takeout sales are a larger proportion of revenue than it was two years ago. Menus will be strongly influenced by the health-co nscious diners as well as the adventurous. The growing sophistication of American diner’s palates as well as the ethnic diversity in the U. S. ill continue to challenge operators to roll out new menu items and ingredients. Information Sources For more information about current trends and statistics, visit the National Restaurant Association website at www. restaurant. org. 2007 Restaurant Industry Forecast; National Restaurant Association National Restaurant Association’s Restaurant Spending October 2006 Survey, National Restaurant Association U. S. Department of Labor U. S. Census Bureau Target Market {SUMMARY OVERVIEW: Careful evaluation should be used to determine the preferred target market that your concept best appeals to and how that relates to the overall restaurant market with respect to diner demographics, preferences, and habits.Use this section to describe the ideal (targeted) customer profile for the concept, including demographics (head of household age, income, household size, ethnicity, single or multi-family housing); preferred market size of residential and business population; preferential residential and business proximity; traffic count preferences; preferred industry of market (if applicable) such as tourism; seasonal market characteristics; preferred diner categories (care-free, health-conscious, traditional, adventurous); lunch and dinner trade factors. Related Links: Spending Patterns by Age; This summary overview should be deleted from your working copy after you have completed the text in this section. } We anticipate that [Name of restaurant] will appeal to a broad base of consumers. While we expect to be frequented by all types of diners in both the residential and business community, the concept should be particularly suited to specific demographic and market conditions.The location selected for [Name of restaurant] should contain characteristics similar to the targeted market for the restaurant. The menu, service st yle and ambiance of [Name of restaurant] has been created to appeal primarily to [adventurous; carefree; health-conscious; traditional] diner while also appealing heavily to [adventurous; carefree; health-conscious; traditional] diners as well. The concept should especially attract [low; middle; high] income diners with a [predominance; blend] of [single households; family households; single and family households]. The market should be inhabited by a [large; moderate; small] population, providing a sufficient customer base of which to draw from.The immediate surrounding area should have a [predominance; blend] of [single family housing; multi-family housing; single and multi-family housing]. Preferably, the area should include a [moderate; heavy] industrial market. The concept [depends on; lends itself to] the [tourism; manufacturing, travel; general business] [industry; community]. [Lunch; Dinner; Lunch and dinner] traffic will be directly affected by the size of the business commu nity. Preferable demographic and market characteristics for [Name of restaurant] have been identified and summarized in the following table. [Note: There are many variables by which to determine market preferences for a particular concept. The following table is just one example. ] Market Characteristic |Preference | |Population – City |[50,000+] | |Residential population – 1 mile radius |[10,000+] | |Residential population – 3 mile radius |[20,000+] | |Head of household age |[35-45] | |Household size |[2. or more] | |Ethnicity |[Anglo; Hispanic; African-American; Asian] | |Location traffic count – lunch |[800 cars/hr] | |Location traffic count – dinner |[500 cars/hr] | |Household income |[75,000+] | |Per capita income |[35,000+] | |Primary diner trait [adventurous; carefree; health-conscious; traditional] | |Secondary diner trait |[adventurous; carefree; health-conscious; traditional] | |Major Industry base |[n/a] | |Businesses – 1 mi le radius |[Multiple office buildings; at least 1 large employer such as plant or | | |manufacturing facility] | |Businesses – 3 mile radius |[n/a] | |Alcoholic Beverage Service |[No restrictions] | | | | | | | Location Analysis SUMMARY OVERVIEW: Some business plans, probably most, are created before a site has been selected. Therefore, the location analysis may be limited to the general area or city for the proposed concept. Site selection though is often considered the most crucial aspect of the business planning cycle. The Location Analysis should describe market conditions that exist in the location (or general area) you have selected. It should also compare the location statistics to your anticipated target market. Information gathered and displayed here should include demographic statistics, description of local industry and economic outlook, location traffic counts, residential and business population and proximity.You should also draw comparisons between market condi tions for the selected location, and the targeted market characteristics of the concept. List the surrounding neighborhoods, points of interest, and area businesses. Demographic and other information about a specific market can be found through various sources, including websites. Contact the local Chamber of Commerce, the U. S. Census Bureau, the Department of Labor (U. S. and state), and the Secretary of State for your state, the Comptroller’s Office or the County Clerk. The most useful information though will come from your real estate broker. They have access to demographic information that is more specific to the immediate area surrounding the location. They can provide you with reports for 1, 3, and 5 mile radiuses.Real estate broker oftentimes subscribe to services such as Claritas that collect more targeted data than is publicly available. Related Links: U. S. Census Bureau; Dept. of Labor; MapInfo Website; How to Conduct a Market Survey; Claritas Website; This summar y overview should be deleted from your working copy after you have completed the text in this section. } The location for [Name of Restaurant] was selected because of the market similarities that exist between the proposed location and the target market for the concept. The city of [name of city] has a population of [# of population] according to [the U. S. Census Report; the local Chamber of Commerce; report provided by your real estate broker; other source].Leading industry segments include [list the main industries in the area]. [Describe how each industry contributes to the local economy and the number of jobs it adds to the economy. Describe also how a particular industry may be beneficial to your restaurant concept. Example: Tourism is a major part of the local economy. The tourist market in [name of city] brings 200,000 visitors annually, contributing $50,000,000 to the local economy. The industry provides approximately 10,000 jobs making it the leading job provider for the c ommunity. [Name of restaurant] should benefit handsomely from the tourist trade due to the unique concept intended to attract visitors. ]The residential population in the immediate area (within a one mile radius) is comprised of a [predominance of; mixture of] [single family; multi-family] housing. Key [neighborhoods; housing developments] that are considered vital to the success of [Name of restaurant] include [list the neighborhoods or housing developments and the size]. The average household income in the immediate area is [$$] as compared to the city average household income of [$$]. Surrounding businesses include [list some of the major employers or businesses in the immediate area that you will depend on for a portion of your sales revenue. Emphasize businesses that should have a significant impact and explain why]. The employment population within a one mile radius is reported to be [# of employment population].The number of businesses in the area is [# of business], [# consi dered office space or industrial] of which are office space or industrial. The following chart shows the market characteristics for the selected site. |Demographic & Business Characteristics |1 mile |3 mile |5 mile | |Residential Population |[8,900] |[24,500] |[19,800] | |# of Households |[3880] |[11,070] |[9,011] | |Avg. household size |[2. 3] |[2. 2] |[2. 2] | |Avg. ge – Head of household |[38] |[34] |[39] | |Single family dwellings |[2,440] |[10,560] |[5,150] | |Multi-family dwellings |[1,430] |[13,967] |[3,870] | |Ethnicity – Hispanic |[19%] |[21%] |[23%] | |Ethnicity – African-American |[11%] |[10%] |[11%] | |Ethnicity – White |[55%] |[55%] |[49%] | |Ethnicity – Asian |[12%] |[11%] |[14%] | |Ethnicity – Other |[3%] |[3%] |[3%] | |Household income |[$48,551] |[$38,774] |[$35,338] | |Per capita income |[$21,189] |[$17,554] |[$16,025] | |Total # of businesses |[247] |[601] |[489] | |Office Bldg/Industrial Parks |[23] |[62] |[45] | |Traff ic Count – Lunch [867 cars/hr] |[n/a] |[n/a] | |Traffic count – Dinner |[324 cars/hr] |[n/a] |[n/a] | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Primary Residential Clusters |# of Dwellings |Single or Multi-family |Proximity to restaurant | |[Tanglewood Estates] |[620] |[Single-family] |[? ile] | |[The Meadows] |[325] |[Single-family] |[1/4 mile] | |[The Harbor on the Lake] |[260] |[Multi-family] |[? mile] | |[Greenwood Gardens] |[410] |[Single-family] |[1 mile] | |[Tallowood Townehomes] |[600] |[Multi-family] |[1 mile] | |[Frontier Heights] |[590] |[Single-family] |[1 ? ile] | | | | | | | | | | | |Primary Business Centers |# of Workers |Type |Proximity to restaurant| |[Harnden Office Building] |300 |[Offices] |[? mile] | |[Igloo Manufacturing] |450 |[Plant] |[1/4 mile] | |[3 Corners Industrial Park] |425 |[Industrial] |[? mile] | |[Greenwood Mall] |300 |[Retail] [1 mile] | |[Clearview Manufacturer’s Outlet] |250 |[Retail] |[1 mile] | Competitive Analysis {SUMMARY OVERVIEW : Use this section to describe local competition in terms of proximity and similarities to your concept. The competitive analysis should show the extent of market saturation, the type of other restaurants in the area, and specific restaurants deemed to be in direct competition with your concept. List the unique aspects of your concept that give you a competitive advantage over each. Related Links: Download Competitor Review Form; This summary overview should be deleted from your working copy after you have completed the text in this section. }The proposed location for [Name of restaurant] is occupied [by several; by few; by many; largely by older restaurants; by a combination of both older and newer restaurant concepts]. The majority of existing restaurants is comprised [predominantly of; by a mixture of; of few] [fast food; new establishments; chain based restaurants; casual theme concepts; etc. ] Restaurants that could be considered in direct competition with our concept include [ list the restaurants]. The following chart displays restaurants within approximately a [one; three] mile range. It includes all restaurants of significance including both limited service and full service establishments. Area Restaurants within a 1 Mile Range | |Name |Type |Brkfst;Lunch;Dinn |Direct Competition | |[McDonald’s] |[Fast Food] |[B,L,D] |[No] | |[Luby’s] |[Cafeteria] |[L,D] |[No] | |[Blue Water Grill] |[Casual Full Service] |[L,D] |[Yes] | |[Hugo’s] |[Fine Dining] |[D] |[Somewhat] | |[Pizza Hut] |[Pizza-Delivery] |[L.D] |[No] | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Restaurants that might be considered direct competition for our target market customers are listed in the next table. It is important to note that the restaurants listed are not necessarily similar concepts to [Name of restaurant]. However, we feel that we are competing for a similar customer base. |Name |Theme |B; L; D |Check Average | |[G eneral Manager] |[1] | |[$40,000-$50,000/yr] | |[Assistant Manager] |[2] | |[$28,000-$32,000/yr] | |[Kitchen Manager] |[1] |[$30,000-$35,000/yr] | |[Line Cooks] |[5] |[2] |[$9-$12/hr] | |[Prep Cooks] |[3] |[1] |[$7-$9/hr] | |[Dishwashers] |[4] | |[$6-$7/hr] | |[Hostess] | |[5] |[$7-$9/hr] | |[Servers] |[12] |[6] |[$3/hr +tips] | |[Bartenders] |[3] |[3] |[$5/hr+tips] | |[Bussers] |[3] |[3] |[$4/hr+tips] | |[Cashiers] |[3] | |[$7-$9/hr] | | | | | | | | | | | Training {SUMMARY OVERVIEW: Provide an overview of the training programs that the staff will undergo. Include in house training as well as 3rd party training such as state mandated Alcohol Awareness Program servers may have to attend. Make references to employee manuals and training tools. List them in the Appendices section. Related Links: Download Training Manual Templates; Download Server Training Checklist ; Download Alcohol Management Program; This summary overview should be deleted from your working copy after you have compl eted the text in this section. A thorough training program will be adopted for every position in the restaurant. Highly qualified people filling those positions will be provided training materials and personal instruction. They will learn the [Name of restaurant] method of how to operate a successful restaurant. Newly hired personnel will be instructed in customer service, safety, and health laws in addition to the job functions of their respective positions. Training manuals for each position will be edited to reflect the unique requirements of [Name of restaurant]. [Servers will undergo an in house Alcohol Management Program that teaches the importance of responsible alcohol service.Additionally, The state of [state you are in] mandates that servers of alcoholic beverages be certified in a state approved course. ] Daily Operations & Production {SUMMARY OVERVIEW: This section should describe in summary the day to day operations of the restaurant from opening to close. It should con vey to the reader that management has a sound plan for operating the restaurant. Briefly explain operational issues such as scheduling, departmental job functions, ordering and receiving, menu production, service, general safety procedures and maintenance. Related Links: Download Restaurant Operations Checklists This summary overview should be deleted from your working copy after you have completed the text in this section. [Name of restaurant] will be opened [# of days] days a week for [breakfast; lunch; dinner] necessitating [multiple; a single; staggered shifts]. Schedules will be written by departmental managers and posted every [time interval between schedules; monthly; weekly; every two weeks, etc]. The schedules will be written in a manner that allows management to increase or decrease hourly labor according to sales volume in order to maintain a consistent labor cost control. Designated management [and kitchen staff] will report for work [# of hours before opening; a few hou rs before opening; in sufficient time before opening; etc. ] to prepare for opening.The menu [has been; will be] created in a manner to allow the preparation of many recipe ingredients to be done ahead of time. Proper labeling and rotation techniques, accompanied by ample storage facilities will ensure that high quality prepared product will be sufficiently available to meet the demands during peak business hours. Replenishment and ongoing preparation will continue during off peak business hours. [Management; departmental managers; kitchen manager; designated managers] will be responsible for ordering, receiving and maintaining sufficient inventory to meet production demands. Ordering schedules will be staggered with perishable products being ordered multiple times per week to preserve freshness.Standard grocery and supply orders will be ordered less often, according to a predetermined schedule and storage capacity. [Service staff; front of the house; terminology depends on what typ e of service style the restaurant will use] will arrive at staggered intervals, allowing sufficient time to prepare for anticipated customer traffic. Management will adopt the use of operational checklists to verify that each work shift has been properly prepared for and to insure the operational standards are followed before, during and after work shifts. The [table service; quick service; counter service; etc. ] service style of [Name of restaurant] is by design intended to complement the guests overall perception of the restaurant, creating a designed guest experience.The restaurant layout, including the dining room, design [, bar or lounge layout; if applicable] kitchen and serving line, [will be; has been] designed for efficiency and flexibility to accommodate the fluctuation in customer traffic and peak meal periods. The production of our menu and servicing of the guest begins with the arrival of the guest. [Use this section to describe how guests will be greeted, seated, have their order taken, how the order turned in to kitchen or bar, how it will be processed in the kitchen or bar, how it will be then delivered back to customer, how the customer will pay, etc. ; This explanation should help the reader to visualize the entire guest experience.Because it is impossible to offer suggestions for every conceivable service style, we have provided an example for a table service concept. ] [Example: The production of our menu and servicing of the guest begins with the arrival of the guest. The guest should be greeted by a seating hostess promptly. Depending upon seating availability the guest will either be seated immediately or asked to wait in the lobby or bar until their table is ready. Awaiting guests will be able to order refreshments in the bar (lounge). Once their table is ready, the guest will have the option to either pay their tab or have it transferred to their table via the POS system. Once seated, the guests should be quickly acknowledged by a mem ber of the service staff.Beverage orders will be requested and ordered through the POS system. A service bartender will receive the order via of a designated order printer. Once prepared, the server will deliver the drinks to the guests. The primary server will then inform the guests of our specials and then suggest selections from our appetizer menu. Appetizer orders will be entered into the POS system and printed at the appropriate stations in the kitchen including the expeditor station. The expeditor will ensure that the targeted production time of 3 to 5 minutes for appetizers is met for each order. Available servers will deliver the appetizers to the table and serve according to the designated guest positions.The primary server will then request salad and entree orders. Again, all orders received will be entered into the POS system and orders will print out at the appropriate kitchen or bar station. The expeditor will ensure ticket times are kept within the 10 to 15 minute acce ptable time parameters for entree service, 3 minutes for salad service. Available servers will deliver the food according to the designated guest position. Constant monitoring of the table by all staff will ensure that dirty dishes are cleared promptly and drinks refilled regularly. The primary server, upon the clearing of all completed dishes, will request dessert or after dinner drink orders.Orders will be processed accordingly and within the acceptable time parameters. The server will monitor the table to determine the proper time to present the guest check. The customer will be given a few moments to review and prepare payment to the server. The server will make change or process credit cards as required and return the authorized card voucher to the guest. Once the guest has left the table, the service staff will immediately clean the table and prepare it for the next seating. ] The kitchen preparation line has been designed to be operated by a minimum staff of [# of line cook/s ervers] line [cooks/servers] and a maximum of [# of line cook/servers] line [cooks/servers].This design allows line staffing to be adjusted to the business volume. Shift changes for all staff will entail cleanup, restocking and preparation. All monies will be settled at the end of each shift. The closing shift will involve designated closing duties that will leave the restaurant clean and fully prepared for the next day opening crew. Customer Service {SUMMARY OVERVIEW: Use this section to explain procedures addressing customer service. Describe plans for establishing service attitudes and policies. Include an overview on how customer complaints will be handled and how the restaurant will go about getting customer feedback such as surveys or through mystery shoppers.Related Links: The Value of Empowering Your Employees; Download Mystery Shopper Report; Excuse Me, This Wine Tastes Funny; Take the Mystery Out of Mystery Shopping; Tips From a Restaurant Reviewer; What Do Customers Want? ; Service-The Real Product of Your Restaurant; Handling â€Å"Guests from Hell†; Cashing In on Complaints; This summary overview should be deleted from your working copy after you have completed the text in this section. } Customer service at [Name of restaurant] will be given special emphasis throughout the operation. Customer surveys estimate that only 1 in 20 customers that have a problem in a restaurant will tell management about it.It will be our goal to provide a product in a manner that exemplifies highly responsive and proactive customer service. Training programs will include specific material to teach our employees about service attitudes, customer perception and how to deal with guest complaints. Management will conduct periodic staff meetings intended to review policy, increase guest satisfaction and to keep a general line of communication between staff and management. All guest complaints will be empathetically acknowledged by the staff and immediately referred to management. Programs will be in place to systematically deal with various types of guest complaints. More serious complaints will be documented and kept on file.Customer feedback will be accomplished by [Include specific policy and procedures for monitoring guest satisfaction such as customer surveys or the use of mystery shoppers. ] Suppliers {SUMMARY OVERVIEW: List the major suppliers you will use. You should also list suppliers for specialty products that make your business unique. It is advisable to show contingency plans for replacing key suppliers. If your concept relies on unique products like Florida stone crabs, Maine lobster, or specially imported items then you’ll want to have a backup plan readily available. You may also choose to designate the payment terms you will seek with each supplier.Related Links: 7 Ways to Halt Receiving Losses; Download Prime Vendor Forms; Competitive Bidding; Seminar: Profitable Purchasing Practices; Download Approved Vendor List; Do wnload Ordering Schedules and Worksheets This summary overview should be deleted from your working copy after you have completed the text in this section. } Management will establish relationships with qualified suppliers (vendors) that can provide reasonably priced product, delivered according to the schedule that benefits the restaurant. Alternate suppliers will be identified for use if the regular supplier cannot deliver the products needed. The following table illustrates the suppliers we plan on doing business with: Product |Main Supplier |Terms |Alternate Supplier | |[Grocery, supplies] |[Sysco Food Service] |[15 days] |[Ben E. Keith] | |[Meats] |[Ditta Meat Co. ] |[7 days] |[Texas Meat Purveyors] | |[Seafood] |[Gulf Coast Seafood, inc. ] |[10 days] |[Sysco Food Service] | |[Beverage] |[Coca-Cola Bottling] |[COD] |[Restaurant Services, inc. | |[Alarm Monitoring] |[ADT] |[Net 30] |[N/A] | |[Linen Company] |[Admiral Linen] |[Net 15] |[Roland Uniform Service] | |[Bakery] |[Glass Bakery] |[COD] |[N/A] | |[Pest Control] |[Rollins] |[Net 30] |[Integrated Pest Control] | Management Controls {SUMMARY OVERVIEW: Describe specific management controls such as inventory procedures, checklists, ordering, software, POS systems, theft prevention, etc. that will be used to manage the restaurant, time and attendance tracking.Related Links: Tracking Weekly Food Cost; POS Evaluation Worksheet; Weekly Report Every Restaurant Should Prepare; How to Choose a POS System; Download Restaurant Operations Checklists; Download Inventory Spreadsheet; Download Ordering Schedules and Worksheets This summary overview should be deleted from your working copy after you have completed the text in this section. } Management will practice sound management procedures in order to control costs, insure quality of product and provide friendly customer service. The following systems will be used by management: POS System. Careful evaluation and dutiful research will be used in the selection of a POS (point of sale) system that best meets the needs of [Name of restaurant]. The POS system will be configured with requisition printing, a process which forces food and beverage items to be registered in the system before the items can be prepared. Requisition printing has proven to reduce costs by as much as 3-5%. ] The POS system will also be the control center to regulate the flow of service and item preparation. Built-in cash controls will help in tracking sales and receipts. Time & Attendance System. The restaurant will use an [automated] time and attendance system. Management will evaluate systems that are integrated into the POS system as well as stand alone time clock systems. Hourly labor cost control and the ability to transfer information to our payroll processing will be key factors in system selection. Scheduling System.Management will adopt a scheduling system that expedites the preparation of schedules, reflects anticipated labor budgets, and helps to regulate labor cost. Operations Checklists. The restaurant will be managed with the use of various checklists. Consistent use of checklists will help to maintain quality control while ensuring that established procedures are followed. Checklists will be used by various personnel for customer service, purchasing, receiving and storage, preparation, cleaning, shift changes, opening and closings. Order Guide. The restaurant will use an item specific order guide to track order history and maintain designated levels of product in inventory. Weekly Inventory.Management will conduct a weekly inventory to determine valuation for use in the preparation of weekly profit and loss reports. Daily Inventory Tracking. Daily inventory will be taken on specific items. Movement will be compared to sales data to ensure designated products have been properly accounted for. Cash Audits. Management will conduct periodic cash audits for all cashier stations. Surprise shift audits are an effective tool to determine cash ier/bartender under ringing. [Video Surveillance. Video surveillance will be in place to monitor activities and deter crime. ] [Mystery Shopper. The restaurant will engage the service of a secret shopper service from time to time.The mystery (secret) shopper is an effective tool to get a customer’s perspective of the average guest experience. Feedback will help management to constantly improve customer service. ] Safety Reviews. Periodic safety assessments will be performed to ensure that employees and guests are not exposed to dangerous or harmful conditions or actions. Liability Reviews. Periodic assessments will also be done to evaluate the liability exposure of the restaurant. Alcohol awareness, employee relations and guest treatment will be scrutinized from time to time. Administrative Systems {SUMMARY OVERVIEW: List accounting systems, bookkeeping systems and policies, payroll processing, financial controls, etc. used in the administration of the restaurant.Related Link s: Download Daily Sales & Receipts; How to Select a CPA; Never Let the Bookkeeper Handle Cash; 4 Week Accounting Period; The Best Way to Format a P&L; Download Sales Report Templates; Quickbooks and 4 Week Accounting Periods; NRA's Uniform System of Accounts; How to Accrue Payroll in a Restaurant and Why it is the Most Important Monthly Task You are Ignoring; This summary overview should be deleted from your wor

Convict in Great Expectations Essay

Great Expectations starts off with Pip, the young poor boy-whose parents are dead-who lives with his aunt. He is poor and his aunt treats him badly and harshly. One day down at marshes by the churchyard Pip come into contact with a convict who is supplied food by Pip, later on the convict gets caught and this is the last we hear of him for a while.  One day he gets asked to go and play with Estella’s at Miss Havisham’s house in return for money. Miss Havisham was a lady who was going to get married and get let down on the day of the marriage. Miss Havisham has never seen daylight since; she does her best with help from Estella to break as many male hearts as feasible. The novel continues with Pip being a poor person and he visiting Estella’s but one day his luck changes. He receives a lot of money-becoming a gentlemen- from an anonymous benefactor, but Pip thinks is benefactor is Miss Havisham but he later comes to realise that his benefactor is the convict he met on the marshes.  The convict later traces Pip to London and illegally comes to meet him. The convict then tells Pip that he is Pip’s benefactor, much to Pip’s disenchantment. Pip then tries to get the convict back home to New South Wales (Australia) but they get caught and the convict gets sentenced to death but dies of a natural death before his allocated death. In a way Pip was happy that the convict (Magwitch) died of his natural death because it was less painful than being hung. Magwitch became a convict with a collaborator called Compeyson but Compeyson got a shorter sentence because he was a gentleman; â€Å"And when we we’re sentenced, ain’t it him as gets seven year, and me fourteen, and ain’t it him as the Judge is sorry for†.As Compeyson was a gentleman the judge blamed his wrongs on Magwitch, the peasant. Magwitch and Compeyson became enemies from that day forward. The differences between the two convicts’ sentences are symbolic to what was happening to convicts in the real world at the time of Dickens and this was the only way of pointing this out to people without getting into trouble. If you were rich then you got treated well whereas if you were poor you got treated badly; you were considered to be lower than the rich are. In this essay I will be examining how imperative the role of Magwitch is in Great Expectations. The ways in which his character develops, the way in which he makes Pip’s character develop and how he affects the plot’s development.  Magwitch has four major manifestations in the novel. Firstly he appears in the marshes by the courtyard where he first encounters Pip. Secondly when Magwitch comes to visit Pip in London to tell him that he is Pip’s benefactor. Thirdly when Magwitch goes to trial for trying to escape back home to Australia. Lastly when Magwitch dies in the infirmary. In each of these four sections I will be discussing how Magwitch’s appearances affect Pip’s feelings and the plot development.  Charles Dickens wrote this novel, but wrote in first person, we are told the story through Pip hence all our knowledge of Magwitch comes from Pip and we are always told Pip’s feelings. This style of writing is important because it makes us as the reader for sorry for Pip. During the opening chapter web meet the convict for the very first time. The convict comes over as a malevolent person; â€Å"The man, after looking at me for a moment, turned me upside-down and emptied my pockets. There was nothing in them but a piece of bread.† When Pip says â€Å"nothing in them but a piece of bread† we get the idea Pip didn’t need the bread but the convict obviously did and hence the later friendship. Pip’s fear for the convict continued throughout the first meeting; â€Å"I earnestly expressed my hope that he wouldn’t, and held tighter.† This meeting between Pip and the convict is in the churchyard and it is dark and rainy which creates an image of a typical horror genre. The darkness also suggests pathetic fallacy towards the convict’s feelings; the weather is dark and so is his manner towards Pip. The rain suggests imagery and pathetic fallacy towards Pip’s feelings; it is raining and Pip is raining, he is crying; â€Å"and beginning to cry was Pip.†

Pablo picasso and marcel duchamp

Pablo Picasso & Marcel Decamp Pablo Picasso is one of the most influential artists of the 20th century. He was born in Spain but worked mainly in France, where he became the most well-known artist of his time. Picasso massive output of paintings, sculptures, drawings, prints and ceramics was inspired by many different sources. In the early sass, Picasso developed a movement that signified him, it was known as â€Å"cubism†. This movement marked the beginning of modernism. Marcel Decamp has been known for his rebellious ideas and actions in the 20th century.He was born in France but moved to the USA, and became a US citizen in 1955. His works were known as â€Å"Ready-made†. Duchess's ready-made changed what art meant. He bought elements that would never have been regarded as art. Some people saw it as less art and more â€Å"putting together†. This movement was called â€Å"Dadaism†. This essay will discuss two artworks; â€Å"The Weeping Woman† â⠂¬â€œ by Pablo Picasso, and, â€Å"The Shovel† – by Marcel Decamp. â€Å"The Weeping Woman† is a famous work by Pablo Picasso and holds a lot of meaning.Picasso painted this work in 1937 after a town of Querying was bombed. The artwork holds a lot of symbolic meaning and was inspired by the events of that point in time – the Spanish Civil War. The artwork focuses on the main victims of the attack – the women. The artwork is full of emotions and grief which is expressed through the use of thick lines and different colors. The work is basically the face of a crying woman. The woman was said to be Dora Mar, whom Picasso described as â€Å"always weeping†. She was his close agent when he was most involved with politics.The focus of the structure is the rough area of hard blue and white forms around the out and teeth, clamped violently on a handkerchief; the flesh seems to have been peeled away by acidic tears to reveal hard white bone and the ha ndkerchief she stuffs in her mouth is like a shard of glass. Her eyes are expressed as black holes. As the eye travels up the artwork, we can see that the eyes and forehead are also broken and disordered, and the woman appears literally ‘broken up' with grief. The roughness of the forms is backed-up by the roughness of the colors.The face, neck and hand are painted in an acid, inconsistent yellow and violet and green. These colors may represent decay and decomposition. The yellow and violet however, are opposite colors, as are the blue and orange-red of the woman's hat. Furthermore, the background is painted in strong yellows, contrasting with the blues of the hat and the blues and violets of the hair. The inconsistent color scheme intensifies the impact of the painting. The Weeping Woman is a study of how much pain can be communicated by a human face.The artwork translates the human emotions by paint. Picasso intention was for the viewers to feel the pain when viewing the pai nting. Marcel Duchess's artwork, the shovel, is very different compared to Picasso work. At first sight, it could easily be misinterpreted into being an everyday object kept in almost all homes. A person would not know it as art and would be confused to see it in an art gallery or museum. â€Å"Shovel† was the first Redeemed to be made by Decamp in 1915, after his move to the United States.The Shovel may seem important and artistic to Marcel because no such object existed in France (from where he came). This shows that the shovel was nothing extraordinary to the citizens of the US, who would later be the viewers of the artwork, but something unfamiliar to he artist, therefore, an element of art in his sense. The original shovel was bought from a corner store from where Marcel lived. However, after his move, it was thrown away by his sister. Marcel replicated it and along its lower rim, he wrote the phrase: â€Å"In Advance of the Broken Arm/ (from) Marcel Decamp 1915†. It is stated that the â€Å"from† in the phrase conveys that the object came from the artist, but was not made by him. According to the artist, the phrase written on the shovel is the main color to the artwork. It's a play on words. The phrase refers playfully to the function f a snow shovel which is to remove snow from the ground. Duchess's title shows that without the shovel to remove the snow, one might slip and fall and even break an arm. Marcel Duchess's artworks show that there is no difference between an artwork and an everyday object.The shovel could easily be mistaken for a simple shovel if it were not suspended from the ceiling in a museum. Therefore, the location and position of the artwork stands as a critical part of the piece. Pablo Picasso Weeping Woman can be looked at under the subjective frame as it is basically all bout human emotions and feelings. The main subject of the artwork is the broken face of the woman. By looking at the artwork, one can feel the p ain and sorrow that the subject would have been going through.The work can also be placed under the structural frame as the face is made up of geometric shapes and the colors and their tones play a vital role in conveying the message. The cultural frame can also be a part of the work as it is stated that the Mater Dolorous, the weeping Virgin, is a traditional image in Spanish art, often represented in colorful, elaborate sculptures tit glass tears, Just like in the Weeping Woman. As for the Shovel by Marcel Decamp, it can be categorized under the cultural frame as many scholars have seen sexual suggestions in this Redeemed.Some note that the Shovel â€Å"is an obvious phallic symbol† Another once mentioned that the Sanskrit word for shovel is â€Å"langue,† which is almost equal to the term for phallus (â€Å"langue†). In Status-Asiatic languages the same word meaner both â€Å"phallus† and â€Å"shovel. In conclusion, by examining both artists and thei r artworks, we can see that they are form the same mime period, but hold two opposite views to art. The two artists' distinct differences represent a central logical and visual opening in the history and development of modern art.While Picasso viewed modern art as a visual experiment, Decamp came to believe that art was about ideas and attitudes. Picasso artwork was a traditional artwork of that time whereas Marcella was more about shifting the views engagement of the works of art from pleasing to the eye to the service of the mind, challenging the traditional notion that beauty is a defining characteristic of art. According to Marcel, wings become art by putting them in places where one expects to find art.Where Picasso expresses his feelings through colors and lines, Marcel expresses it through words and phrases. Where Picasso makes his artwork, Marcel â€Å"buys† them and plays around with them. Picasso works are made on a canvas and the painting is the crucial part howeve r, with Marcella artwork, only the placement and position of the artwork is crucial and defines it as a work of art. The Shovel is hung from a ceiling in a museum where The Weeping Woman is simply hung on the wall. In the end, both are known as artworks today and are admired.

Environmental science Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Environmental science - Research Paper Example On the other hand, the quality of water is compromised in the essence that it is polluted on a number of occasions. In many regions, the availability of water in both quantity and quality is affected by climate variability and climate change, with more or less precipitation in different regions and more extreme weather events. Sanitation is the collection of waste safely, storing, treating of waste, and disposing it. In a nutshell the managing of waste presence in water is of importance. This is so that we are able to avert the various diseases as typhoid and cholera and to keep away from toxic substances to bring about economic benefits. In many developing and developed countries the use of piped sewer systems, pit latrines with slab, septic tanks is low. In addition, there are hanging toilets, latrines, most facilities are shared, in some instances there are no facilities, and the people use the bush or field for waste disposal. The use of piped water in dwelling units, boreholes, and methods of rainwater collection that are improved are low while on the contrast unprotected springs and the surface water as rivers, dams, and streams are high in developed and developing countries alike. Since time long ago, food and energy are fundamentals to life. This is because for a growing economy and political goodwill matters of food and energy must be addressed that crop up from generation of power and agriculture. For instance in the United States: 34% of water is used for agriculture, 48% is used for generating power and 18% for others (Forest Practices Board 79). However, in most developing and developed economies, agricultural production takes 70% generally of the water consumed (evaporation and transpiration or other means). Therefore, for irrigation purposes and improved agricultural production, generation of power there has to be a nexus in water, food, and energy (Forest Practices Board 86). There are projections on the rise of the sea level from 18 to 59 cm in 2090 -2099. This extreme event in association with a rise in the sea level will cause serious effects to human beings. With food being the major worry there would be increase in crop production in temperatures below 3 degrees Celsius and a decrease in a couple of areas. More people will be at risk of heart and breathe diseases, malnutrition, diarrhea, and extreme conditions of weather (Starrett 69). There may be contraction in the geographical area malaria will affect and an expansion elsewhere. The freshness of water would also be compromised due to melting, acidification, and increased population. Seasonal transmission periods will also change. To conclude the effects on climate change on human beings would bring more negative implications than benefits (United Nations 45). The lingering concern is for the protection of the environment. This is because climate change will lead to some regions becoming deserts; there would be increased warm intermediate flow beneath and a gradual grounding line movement. This will bring about destabilization in the form of food and energy production and the livelihoods of various citizens would be curtailed. Various economies would be mixed up and globally detrimental effects will be felt by alike. Case

Nationlism editorial Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Nationlism editorial - Essay Example Today's controversies on this topic are an eerie echo of the debate over immigration and assimilation that gripped the nation in the opening years of the 20th century. Henry James, touring New York City in 1906 after nearly a quarter century in Europe, visited Ellis Island - "the first harbour of shelter and stage of patience for the million or so of immigrants knocking at our official door" (cited in Brimelow 33). The scene was overpowering to James. He wrote that it brought home to the observer "the degree in which it is his American fate to share the sanctity of his American mind, the intimacy of his American patriotism, with the inconceivable alien" (ibid.) James himself now felt alien in his native land, as if the newcomers had taken "settled possession" and natives had lost it - "the implication of which, in its turn, is that, to recover confidence and regain lost ground, we, not they, must make the surrender and accept the orientation" (ibid.). What James found troubling, others found bracing. In widely read essays and books, Horace Kallen suggested a model of "cultural pluralism" to replace the idea of the melting pot. Writing in the Nation in 1915, Kallen challenged both the fact and wisdom of the assimilation of immigrants to Anglo-Saxon America.

Physical Activity Basketball Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Physical Activity Basketball - Essay Example Basketball has benefited me a lot, in terms of both physical and mental health. The physical activity I recommend is basketball. It is essential for basketball players to build strong mental health in addition to physical health. In order to make great achievements, personal skills alone are not the main contributors to success. Passion, team spirit and willingness to introspect are also essential qualities. I have been playing basketball for at least seven years now and I find it to be a really good sport. Basketball is a unique sport. Through my experiences over the years, I have found that my mind has become more mature and so have my skills. By participating in basketball matches since I was eleven, I have found that practice is not the only key to winning a game. Accurately identifying the opponents’ strengths and weaknesses can help a team gain a higher score. Therefore, I agree with Gladwell and Crawfords argument that physical activities require imagination, creativity as well as flexibility rather than blindly following textbook knowledge. While physical abilities are important for playing basketball, the importance of mental abilities also needs to be acknowledged. The height of a basketball player is one of the most important factors. If the height of an individual is not very low when compared to average height, he has a chance of becoming a good player. However, the main difference between a superstar and a normal player is not just their physical abilities, but their humbleness to improve on their weaknesses and sustain their strengths. In The Physical Genius, Malcolm Gladwell shares the secret of how Michael Jordan, the lord of basketball became the legend of this sport by spending a large part of his time wisely on reflection rather than exercise. He explains that though Michael Jordan and Karl Malone have unique skills that

DRUG TRAFFICKING AND ORGANISED CRIME,the government's (categorisation Dissertation

DRUG TRAFFICKING AND ORGANISED CRIME,the government's (categorisation and attitude) perception towards drugs and the impact i - Dissertation Example Various studies revealed that nearly two-thirds of the organised crime groups primarily deal in drugs, though there are instances where some of these gang syndicates have expanded into other illicit and financially lucrative activities like human trafficking. The UK drug networking is not confined to the major city centres but has now expanded to spread it tentacles into the small towns, which, researches show is directly proportional to the increase in serious violence. Indeed, the basic feature of this of drug based organised criminal syndicate is not simply in the nature of its illegality but the perpetual willingness to use violent means protect and earn more profits. This article will study to find how the government and law enforcement agencies view and work to counter this extensive network of criminality that reaches into every community. Much of the criminology studies and the criminal laws tend to focus on the criminal activities perpetuated by individuals, owing to the fact that generally individual criminals are apprehended and sent for prosecution, even though they may actually be a part of a larger criminal gang. However, in the recent years we find that there is a growing interest amongst experts towards studying the structure of various criminal organisations that consist of a group of individuals come together to commit crimes, which are financially lucrative. UNDFOC which is major organisation fighting against this rising menace claims in its website that â€Å"Transnational organized crime is considered as one of the major threats to human security, impeding the social, economic, political and cultural development of societies worldwide. It is a multi-faceted phenomenon and has manifested itself in different activities, among others, drug trafficking, trafficking in human beings; trafficking in firearms; smuggling of migrants; money laundering; etc. In particular drug trafficking is one of the main activities of organized crime groups, generating enormous profits.  UNODC works closely with Governments, international organizations and civil society to strengthen cooperation to counter the pervasive influence of organized crime and drug trafficking†(UNODC and organized crime, 2011). This type of organised crime has spread very fast in almost all spheres of criminal activities, especially in the areas, which are highly profitable i n nature like human trafficking for sexual exploitation, various forms of cyber crimes, and drug trafficking, amongst many others (Fiorentini, & Peltzman, 1995). Organised crime comprises of â€Å"organised violence; heroin and other drug trafficking; organised immigration crime; non-fiscal and fiscal fraud; firearms offences; road freight crime; theft of vehicles for profit or to facilitate other crime; robbery of cash and valuables in transit; and intellectual property crime† (Her Majesty’s Inspectorate of Constabulary –getting organised, 2009, 6). Perpetrators of the organised criminal activities always function with the primary motive of procuring huge profits (Reuter, &

Norse vs. Greek Mythology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Norse vs. Greek Mythology - Essay Example A comparison of creation myths can be very enlightening regarding the values and needs of the people who hold it. Two major cultures that had a great deal in common regarding their creation myths despite great differences in climate were the Greeks and the Norse. Overall, the creation myths and deity structure of the Greeks and the Norse served to place importance on the same basic elements of life. Both societies held a strong belief in the idea of fate. This concept was represented in both cultures by three female deities. In Norse mythology, these women were called the Norns and were considered demi-goddesses. They also had individual names including Urd (fate), Verdandi (necessity) and Skuld (being) (Lindemans, 1998). Together, they had the primary duty of caring for Yggdrasil, the world tree, which connected all the worlds together, but they also assisted with childbirth and helped determine the course of a person’s life path. The Greeks called their corresponding demi-goddesses the Fates and these women were more directly linked with the lives of men. Their individual names were Clotho, Lachesis, and Atropos (Saunders, 2009). Clotho spun the thread of life, so she was associated with birth and beginnings. The length of the yarn C lotho spun was decided by Lachesis and thus measured the path of a man’s life. However, it was up to Atropos to make the final cut that ended that life. Although the Norns and the Fates are considered lesser goddesses in both cultures, they are each given power over everything that exists and thus are considered a part of the grand scheme of creation. This importance can be seen in the myths of these cultures such as in the Voluspa in which the Norns come to Earth for the betterment of mankind and in the plays produced in Greece as characters.

The Impact of Beijing Olympic Games on China Essay

The Impact of Beijing Olympic Games on China - Essay Example This paper argues that Beijing Olympic Games brought a positive impact on China, making it more competitive in the international sphere. It would also discuss the three significant themes that were accentuated in this event and would provide an in-depth analysis on the impact of the Beijing Olympic Games on economic, socio-political, environmental, and technological aspects of China. Essence of the Olympic Games in Beijing China According to Kronick and Dorne, managing director of Ogilvy Public Relations Worldwide and associate in Corporate Communications at Ogilvy & Mather China, respectively, the Olympic Games in 2008 is like a debutante ball for China to show to the world its wondrous Chinese culture (32). Also, it was a means to express Chinese people are now eager to communicate and join people from all over the world in promoting peace and progress (BOCOG, qtd. in Close, Askew, and Xu). After decades of closing its doors away from developing tight relations with other countries, even neighboring ones, it has finally opened the aperture towards a long-term and progressive relationship with these nations. Moreover, Kronick and Dorne refer to the Olympic games as a catalyst for change in China, just like what it already did to a number of cities like that of Tokyo, Japan, Barcelona Spain, and Sydney Australia. For instance, the 1964 Olympic Games which was held in Tokyo resulted to a technological boom due to consumers who were very eager to buy television sets just to watch the games in their homes. The same thing happened in Barcelona that held the 1992 Olympic Games wherein it awakened the sluggish place into a prestigious city. In Sydney, it incredibly showcased its unique Australian hospitality in the 2000 games (Kronick and Dorne 32). For Beijing, China, it serves as an exceptional way of marketing, no less than, the country itself. As a matter of fact, marketing experts would view the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games not solely intended for sports purposes but more importantly, as the launch of China as a superbrand that would be a huge opportunity as well as a large threat to many na tions (Kronick and Dorne 32). Apparently, China is serious on showing to the world that more than a manufacturing country, it is also on the road to a total improvement, progress, and innovation. The Beijing Olympic Games---Central Themes and Its Impact on the Macro-Environment of China In launching China as a superbrand, the Beijing Olympics in 2008 carried with it three major identifiable themes: people, technology, and â€Å"Green Olympics† (Kronick and Dorne 32). First, it highlighted people, most especially the majority of poverty-stricken Chinese who are yet to experience an upliftment of their condition. This theme on people served as the flagship in promoting a strong fight against the persisting social problems in the country (Kronick and Dorne 32). In so doing, this event had positive in the socio-political aspect of China. Second is technology which reflects the 2008 Beijing Olympics’ aim to provide highly advanced Olympic Games. The plan revealed a total of approximately US$157m worth of government funds and US$217m to 449 worth of private company contribution, all to support the Olympic technology projects (Kronick and Dorne 32). Thus, Beijing Olympic Games was an instrument to improve the technological facilities in China. Third is the so-called â€Å"

How Constitution Affects Arizona Essay Example for Free

How Constitution Affects Arizona Essay The Arizona Constitution affects counties, municipalities, corporations, and schools in many ways. In Article 11 of the Constitution, there are many points covered that ensure the success of Arizona schools. Some of these points include disability regulations, fairness of the members of the state board, and maintenance of the schools. In Article 11, of the Arizona Constitution, it is stated â€Å"†¦that legislature shall make such appropriations, to be met by taxation, as shall insure the proper maintenance of all state educational institutions, and shall make such special appropriations as shall provide for their development and improvement† (Hoffman Rex, 2009. ) The goal of this section of the Constitution is to ensure the safety and success of the Arizona school system. There are ten sections to this Article that include rights and regulations of students, including those that are disabled. For example, in Section 1, it states that children who suffer from hearing and vision disabilities are guaranteed a fair education. In Section two and three, the supervision of the schools and the state board members are mentioned. Other issues covered include funding and fair admission regardless of sex, religion, or politics. These sections addressed many of the common issues of any school system. The Arizona Constitution, specifically Article 11, affect the school system in many ways. For example, disabled children are offered a fair and free education regardless of the severity of their condition. Another example is the funding of the Arizona school system. This is possibly the most important aspect of schools because without funding they cannot be successful. The Arizona Constitution is a vital treasure for Arizona citizens to enforce in every aspect of their citizenship, especially education. References Hoffman, D Rex, T. (2009) â€Å"Education Funding in Arizona: Constitutional Requirement and the Empirical Record.† A Report from the Office of the University Economist. Arizona State University. Arizona State Legislature. (2009) retrieved from: www.azleg.gov/consitution.asp?Article=11.

The Different Flood Myths

The Different Flood Myths In the following essay, I am going to examine the flood myth that is written in The Epic of Gilgamesh, and compare its similarities and differences to the one that is found in the Book of Genesis. In both works, there is an immense flood that engulfs the earth. The question that remains to be answered is, is this the same flood recorded in both texts? The corresponding elements that occur between both texts have been somewhat of a puzzling issue for some researchers. On first speculation, it would be fair to say that both coincide with each other due to the major similarity between them. However, subtle differences could prove otherwise. The flood myth in The Epic of Gilgamesh was written somewhere around 2750 and 2500 BCE  [1]  , whereas the Book of Genesis 6-9 was written around 500BC  [2]  . It could be said that the Biblical authors were aware of the flood recorded on Tablet XI and may have adapted it to correspond with the writings of the Biblical text. Alexander Heidel explores three central theories about how the two accounts may be linked. He states that first, the Babylonians borrowed from the Hebrew account; second, the Hebrew account is dependent on the Babylonian; third, both are descended from a common original.  [3]  Heidel goes on to say that because The Epic of Gilgamesh was written before the Book of Genesis The most widely accepted explanation today is the second, namely, that the biblical account is based on Babylonian material.  [4]  However, a theory of this nature causes some controversy within the Christian faith as it could be said that it mat question the reliability of the Bible. As I have previously stated, both myths share many of the same elements. Merrill F. Unger believes that when comparing the two, there are certain components that have to be looked at, in order to create and understanding of both accounts; the first being that the flood was planned by the god in both The Epic of Gilgamesh and the Book of Genesis . Secondly, that a warning was given to both protagonists prior to the flood happening. Thirdly, is that the flood is connected with the destruction of mankind. Another being, the protagonist and his family were allowed to escape from the disaster. The building of the vessel to protect various life-forms is another. Also, what should be noted is the physical destruction of each flood and the duration of it. The landing place of the boat should also be mentioned and the releasing of the birds. Finally, the last similar element that should be discussed are the sacrifices the heros presented to their gods and what they received in return.  [5]  Although these similarities cannot be ignored, Kenneth A. Kitchen says that there are also many differences that run through each of the flood accounts, even though the general similarities suggest a definite relationship between the two traditions.  [6]  Kitchen goes on to say that it is these differences that provides a clear view of w hy the flood happened, that they define the characters of the gods and protagonists. By using specific details such as, the landing places of the ships, the releasing of the birds, numbers and genders of the surviving animals and humans and the building of the ships, we can compare the differences, enabling one to study the relationship between the flood accounts in both The Epic of Gilgamesh and the Book of Genesis.  [7]  Both stories tell a tale about a righteous figure who is informed by divine beings that a great flood is going to destroy the earth. In The Epic of Gilgamesh, the main protagonist of this myth, Utnapishtim, is met by Gilgamesh whilst on his journey in pursuit of immortality. Utnapishtim is asked by Gilgamesh how he became immortal and that is when he tells him about the flood that happened in a city called Shurrupak, which stands on the banks of the river Euphrates.  [8]  It is the noise that man makes the Gods deem to be intolerable, so they decide to eli minate all of mankind. The god of waters, Ea, is the one to warn Utnapishtim of what is about to come.  [9]  In the Book of Genesis, God recognises how man has become wicked, so in turn, God feels it necessary to flood the earth and be rid of man. We learn that Noah is seen by God as a righteous man and is spared, [Noah]found grace in the eyes of the Lord.  [10]  Noah is then told by God to build an ark and take both his family and two of every animal with him. The first similarity to notice here is the use of divine involvement in both myths. However, it is here where a difference occurs. In the Book of Genesis, it is evident that monotheism (only one god) is present. Whereas, in The Epic of Gilgamesh, it is clear to see that polytheism is visible (more than one god). As stated previously, the gods in The Epic of Gilgamesh want to flush out mankind because of their noise. The uproar of mankind is intolerable and sleep is no longer possible by reasons of the babel  [11]  . While in Genesis, God floods the earth because of the wickedness of man. It repented the Lord that he had made man on the earth, and it grieved him at his heart.  [12]  I will destroy man whom I have created from the face of the earth. . . .  [13]   In addition to this, mans fate is to die in the epic, yet in Genesis, Noah tries to save the evil by preaching to them. This again is a striking difference between the two myths. Additionally to this, in both the Book of Genesis and The Epic of Gilgamesh, the hero of the story is warned prior to facing the major disaster and vessels are built to shield them from the catastrophic flood, to maintain the life of each species. Utnapishtim is told not to take anything of worth on the boat, but does so anyway. Like in the Book of Genesis, animals are taken on the boat and the storm continues for six days and nights.  [14]  In the epic, Utnapishtim is warned though a dream by Ea, whereas God tells Noah about the coming flood in G enesis, and it rains for forty days and forty nights. Something that can also be found in both accounts is the use of the number seven. In the Book of Genesis the world was created in seven days. The number seven also appears in the flood account. After seven days the waters of the flood were upon the earth  [15]  . This is also apparent in The Epic of Gilgamesh. Although the rain only lasts for six days and six nights, when the storm calms and the boat lands, it remains there for seven days. In the epic, the storm calms on the seventh day and the boat stops at the mountain of Nisir. After a week, Utnapishtim releases birds from the boat. This is also parallel to what happens in the Book of Genesis. In The Epic of Gilgamesh, Utnapishtim releases three birds from the vessel. First he releases a dove which returns because there is no food or resting place. A wallow is then sent out, but still returns. Then finally, a raven is set free and does not return, meaning it has found land and food. I loosed a dovebut finding no resting-place she returnedthen I loosed a swallow, and she flew away but finding no resting-place she returnedI loosed a ravenand she did not come back  [16]  . In the Book of Genesis, Noah also does this but only using two birds. First a raven that returns and secondly a dove that brings back an olive branch. It could be said that the olive branch is used as a symbol of peace and that mankinds suffering has now come to an end.  [17]  In addition, a raven could be seen as a messenger of the gods, so by using this particular species of bird in each myth, it highlights the powers that the deities have in both texts. However, the subtle difference is that in the Book of Genesis, the raven was unsuccessful, whereas in Gilgamesh it was the raven who found land. This could link to my earlier point that in the epic, that the fate of mankind will always lay in the hands of the gods. Yet, in Genesis, the symbol of peace, suggests that God has put an end to the punishment of mankind and will let them begin a new life. Another similarity is that both Utnapishtim, in the epic, and Noah, in Genesis thank the Gods for sparing them from the flood. However, they offer their thanks in different ways. In Gilgamesh, Utnapishtim pours out a libation on the top of the mountain.  [18]  Yet, Noah builds an altar for God. Then Noah built an altar to the Lord  [19]  . Furthermore, both protagonists make a sacrifice once the flood had ended. In the Book of Genesis, Noah is told by God to leave the ark, Leave the ark, you and your wife, your sons and their wives  [20]  Noah then makes a sacrifice to God by burning some animals on the altar that he made. In The Epic of Gilgamesh a sacrifice is also made to the Gods. Yet, when Utnapishtim offers a sacrifice, Enlil is enraged because Utnapishtim was excluded from the destruction of all man. Then Ea persuades Enlil that Utnapishtim escaped through his own means, and Utnapishtim is then granted immortality by Enlil. Finally, there is a symbol shown, in both texts, to indicate that the earth will not be flooded by the gods again. In Gilgamesh there is a necklace and it is exclaimed that the gods will not forget these days  [21]  . Whereas in Genesis a rainbow appears. I do set my bow in the cloud, and it shall be for a token of a covenant between me and the earth.  [22]  Both flood accounts in The Epic of Gilgamesh and the Book of Genesis are extremely alike as well as possessing major differences. As the source of each flood story differs between the two, there can be some conclusions brought up about the Babylonian culture in comparison to the Hebrew culture. As stated previously, polytheism is apparent throughout the Babylonian culture and they believe that the gods are separate from each other and that they have restricted power. So, the people cannot always rely on the gods to be rewarding to the serving and the just. Additionally, monotheism is u sed within the Hebrew culture, where God is seen as almighty, that his power is unrestricted and he is good. The belief is that God created the world that is orderly and therefore rewards men who worship him. However, this theory is dependent on each individuals personal moral grounds. What I wanted to examine throughout this essay is the relationship between the flood myths that occur in both The Epic of Gilgamesh and the Book of Genesis. There are three theories that could possibly link the two that I would like to discuss; the first being that The Epic of Gilgamesh may have been derived from the Genesis account. However, the epic flood myth was written long before the one found in Genesis. So, because of the dates in which both of the flood accounts were written, this theory has been disproved. Another hypothesis that may link the two is that the account found in the Book of Genesis may have been taken from the one found in The Epic of Gilgamesh and altered slightly. Conversely, this theory poses some major complications. If this were true, then the writer of the Genesis account would have had to thoroughly go over the Epic and change many of its components. Things such as the reason why the gods decided to cause the flood, changing it to a righteous motivation. Also, descriptions of the flood would have had to be altered, making it to be universal so the whole account would be credible. Lastly, changing the use of polytheism to a completely monotheistic world would have been very difficult. So, even though there are major mirroring images between the two, this would have been almost impossible to recreate, rendering this theory to be inconceivable. The most plausible possibility is the third theory, that both of the flood accounts may have come from one event. Kenneth A. Kitchen believes that it is probable that The Hebrew and Babylonian accounts may go back to a common ancient tradition, but are not borrowed directly from each other.  [23]  After cons idering all of the similar and dissimilar elements of both texts, it seems that in The Epic of Gilgamesh, a warped account of an event was recorded, which lost its historical precision and it could be said, that the version recorded in the Book of Genesis may be a more precise report of the disaster. So, to conclude, after comparing the two accounts of the flood in each text, it is evident that there is a relationship between the two, despite the many differences. Each story provides a learning curve from culture to culture about historical events though the medium of storytelling. Separate cultures develop over time, and it would be fair to say that it inevitable that some events are going to become overlapped and repeated throughout different historical and religious texts.

The Cross Cultural Negotiation Variables

The Cross Cultural Negotiation Variables Weiss (1993) identified twelve variables in the negotiation process which will lead to understanding negotiating style better. Different groups view the purpose and process of negotiation differently. Negotiation may be seen as a conflict in which one side wins and another loses, as a competition to identify who is best or as a collaborative process to formulate some undertaking. The winner of a negotiation in some countries is the one who gains the most concessions, regardless of the value of the concessions. Every group chooses negotiators on the basis of a variety of factors. Negotiators may be selected on the basis of their previous experience, their status, knowledge of a particular subject, or personal attributes. Different groups stress different aspects of the negotiations. Some groups stress substantive issues directly related to the agreement while others stress relationships. Different groups have their own particular etiquette associated with the negotiation process and their adherence to protocol varies according to its perceived importance. Protocol factors that should be considered are gift giving, entertainment, dress codes, seating arrangements, numbers of negotiators, timing of breaks, and planned duration of the process of negotiations. Different groups communicate in different ways and are more comfortable with one or another form of communications. Some groups rely on verbal communications, others on nonverbal. Some groups rely on one method, others mixed. The more varied method of communications, the more complex is the communication context and the more care must be given to understanding the context. Different groups attempt to persuade others and are persuaded by the use of a variety of different types of arguments. Some rely on facts and logical arguments, others on tradition and the way things were done in the past, still others on intuition or emotion and others on the beliefs associated with a particular religion or philosophy. Individuals play different roles in different societies. In some groups, the individual is seen as very important and a particular individuals success or failure can depend on the outcome of the negotiation process. In other groups, individuals are subordinate to the home negotiating party and personal ambitions are contained. Trust is a necessity if groups are going to work together to their mutual benefit and all groups seek to establish trust with the other parties in the negotiation process. Negotiation involves a degree of risk because the final outcome is unknown when the negotiations begin. Different groups view uncertainty and risk as relatively desirable or undesirable. The value of time differs from one group to another. Some people view time as limited and something to be used wisely. Others view time as plentiful and always available, therefore they are more likely to expect negotiations to progress slowly and to be flexible about schedules. Decisions are made differently in different groups. They may be made by individuals or by the group as a whole. Some groups accept the decision of the majority of the group members. Other groups seek consensus among group members and will not make a decision until all member have agreed. In some cultures, written agreements are expected; in others verbal agreements or a handshake is accepted. In some cultures, agreements are detailed and set out as many points as possible. In others, broad general agreements are preferred with details to be worked out as they arise. In some cultures, agreements are expected to be legally binding, in others, there is little faith in legal contracts and much more emphasis is placed on a persons obligation to keep his or her word. Chinese Negotiation Style China is going to be used to demonstrate that culture affects negotiation style. From Tony (2006)s research, there are three main Chinese negotiation styles. The Chinese negotiation styles includes Maoist bureaucrat in learning, Confucian gentleman, and Sun Tzu-like strategist. The Chinese negotiator as a Maoist bureaucrat always follows governments plan when doing business. The negotiator combines business with politics, avoids taking initiatives, shuns responsibility, and fears criticism. The Chinese negotiator is smart and tough because he is trained by Chinese bureaucracy daily in which bargaining is an important element (Davidson, 1987: Frankenstein, 1988; Lieberthal and Oksenberg, 1986; Pye, 1982). Being a Confucian gentleman, the Chinese negotiator behaves refers to the mutual trust and benefit, looking for cooperation and win-win solutions for everyone to succeed. He behaves high value on trust and sincerity on his own part. He analyses contracting essentially as an ongoing relationship or problem-solving process instead of a one-off legal package (Deverage, 1986; Kindel, 1990, Seligman, 1990; Shenkar and Ronen, 1987). He associated business with guanxi, friendship, and trust. His negotiation strategy is characterized by cooperation, basically. As a Sun Tzu-like strategist, the Chinese negotiator think negotiation is a zero-sum game and the marketplace as a battlefield (Chiao, 1981; Chu, 1991; Mun, 1990; Pye, 1982). He sets out to win-lose you, and never stops bargaining. The Chinese negotiator is skilful, provided with a formidable many of Chinese stratagems from his ancestors. Sun Tzu-like strategist adopts apparently soft but essentially tough tactics in negations. His negotiation strategy is characterized by competition. Managerial implications Sending the right team to negotiate in China is extremely important, the status of the team members will directly affect the attitude of Chinese host organization toward your company. Your team leader should be a person with charismatic charm, a patient personality, credibility and sufficient authority to make a key decision. It is crucial importance to show the Chinese the political support and governmental backing behind your China missions when negotiating large industrial high-risk B2B projects in China. The Chinese government is an importance player in business networks (Kock 1995). When embarking on a china venture makes sure you know the real Chinese negotiators. Despite the large Chinese team with many participants, the real Chinese negotiators usually are absent from the negotiation room. By identifying and negotiating with the real Chinese negotiators, you may, as a Chinese proverb stated, Get twice the result with half the effort. The number 8 is adored (whereas the number 4 is disfavoured) in Chinese culture. So try to use design 8 numbered products for China as a metaphor to enunciate the importance of respecting and learning Chinese sociocultural traits. From the perspective of Confucianism, China is a familistic society in which it takes time to build trust between non-family members. The Chinese distrust fast talkers who want to make quick deals (Pye, 1982, p. 92). By being patient, tolerant, calm, persistent, and honest in dealing with the Chinese, you will eventually win the Chinese heart and trust.