The Significance of Islamic Calligraphy in the Muslim Culture Essay

Abstract Although it could be considered an insignificant objet d dodge of society, Islamic calligraphy is crucial to its culture because of its role in organized religion and architecture, and its help in creating unity among Muslims. chirographys function in religion is mainly due to the Muslim forbiddance of the representation of living beings (Schimmel, Islamic 11) in art. In architecture calligraphy is used to decorate the interior and out-of-door of buildings to help remind citizens of the purpose of the architecture to glorify God. Lastly, calligraphy helps to associate Muslims because everyone must learn the Arabic language to participate in prayers and recitations. foot Islamic calligraphy is considered to have developed into an art during the time of Ali ibn Abi Talib, the fourth caliph and the son-in-law of Muhammad (Schimmel, Islamic 3). Not only a religious leader, Ali ibn Abi Talib was a great calligrapher and artist. The use and importance of Islamic calligraph y grew promptly after his extensive development of the art. Muslims are cautioned against producing illustrations of living beings, therefore oftentimes of Islamic art is calligraphic. Although it is not seriously considered a real art form by many western societies, Islamic calligraphy is congenital to its proclaim culture because of its crucial role in religion, architecture, and creating unity among Muslims. undercoat Islamic calligraphy is unique in several distinct traditions. The earn of the alphabet can be written in different forms, devising the writings difficult to read (Piotrosky 27). It is considered a noble art form, and has its own rhythm and harmony (Khan 7). It is written from right to left and lacks capitalization and punctuation mark marks (11). Each o... ...ans. Rosanna Giammanco Frongia. New York Abbeville Press Publishers, 2001. Khatibi, Abdelkebir, and Mohammed Sijelmassi. The Splendor of Islamic Calligraphy. genus Paris Thames and Hudson, 1994. Nasr, S eyyed Hossein. Islamic Art and Spirituality. New York State University of New York Press, 1987. Parry, James. Calligraphy as a Contemporary Art Form. Arts & the Islamic World 31 (1997) 54-55. ---. First International Calligraphy Festival in Tehran. Arts & the Islamic World 31 (1997) 50-53. Piotrovsky, Mikhail B. Earthly Beauty, Heavenly Art Art of Islam. Ed. hind end Vrieze. Amsterdam De Nieuwe Kerk, 1999. Rosenthal, F. Four Essays on Art and Literature in Islam. Leiden E.J. Brill, 1971. Schimmel, Annemarie. Calligraphy and Islamic Culture. New York New York University Press, 1984. ---. Islamic Calligraphy. Leiden E.J. Brill, 1970.

Distortion in Fahrenheit 451 Essay -- Fahrenheit 451 Essays

Distortion in Fahrenheit 451   For an pen to grab hold of their readers attention, demanding they listen and understand the meaning behind a work, they must develop the skill to understand their audiences preferences or curiosities. Fulfilling these emotions in his readers, radio beam Bradbury creates a unique futuristic society, consisting of distorted character personalities brainwashed by a totalitarian government, which clearly amplifies Bradburys central theme.   In Fahrenheit 451, spin of normal reality seems abundant immediately, as were introduced to Guy Montag, a fireman, whos furrow requires him to efficiently burn books when a c every last(predicate) enters the station. In the future, the government, in stamp down of millions of people, decides to make reading books against the law. The fear that a literate society would remove itself, creates a new, fast-paced, impersonal, way of life. Guy, d iodine the vision of a young miss and an old English profes sor, discovers his own wonderment of his surroundings, triggered through great ideas form in books. Discovering this universal wonderment lies at the foundation of Bradburys main theme, highlighted brightly through his distorted futuristic society.   The warped, new society is painted through imaginative descriptions and ideas. The society, seen through the eyes of Guy Montag, consists of TV walls, super computers developed into efficient and lethal guard dogs, and medical breakthroughs that seem much in alike manner unsettling to be true. As Montag walks into his fire station the computerized guard dog growls and shows its onset needle frightening Guy upstairs. This futuristic technology, meant for protection and designed to perfection, shows its demerit in an at... ...omen not willing to live without her literature.   This question, burning in Guys mind, is quench by an old English professor that teaches Guy the three reasons wherefore books are so important. O ne, they have a quality, a texture, that record all records of life good or bad. Two, they bump offer their own kind of leisure, stemming off the idea of meditating and developing an individuals mind. Third, the freedom to act based on rules one and two.   Of course, these underlining messages create an immense impact on any reader who, like Guy, questioned society and intellectualism and received a fundamental answer. With this futuristic society, a anguish of trends found in todays culture, Bradbury captures his readers attention and makes them open their eyes, hearts, and mind to the true vastness of independent intellectual enhancement through reading.

Positive Aspects of Atticus Finch Essay -- essays research papers

In the past century, there have been many another(prenominal) great newfangleds written. One of which is Harper Lees, To Kill a Mockingbird. In the novel it introduces a prominent character who not only was a expert father but also a well respected, and compassionate man. This psyche is genus genus genus Atticus Finch. Through all the struggles and pressures, he stands strong as a very positive father figure, making sure to educate his children with principal(prenominal) values including stirity, bravery, and knowledge. Regardless of one?s race or colour, Atticus has a fair attitude towards all people. Early in the novel, a black man named Tom Robinson was accused of raping a white woman. Atticus took on the case to defend Tom without another thought exactly because he treats everyone equally. From the mo workforcet he agreed to defend Tom, he knew adjust away that it was a case he could not hope to win. However, when his daughter, usher asked why he was defending Tom, he told her that he must plead it to uphold his keen sense of justice and self-respect. ?Simply because we were licked a hundred years before we started is no reason for us not to try to win.? (Page 76) Furthermore, when Jem brought home Walter Cunningham, Atticus was nice enough to let him gentle for lunch and treated him as an equal. He never looked down on him even though he was a Cunningham, poor farmers who were in the middle class above the black. ?Jem ran to the kitchen and asked Calpurnia to set an extra plate, we had company. Atticus greeted Walter and began a discourse about crops neither Jem nor I could follow.? (Page 24)Jem learned important lessons from his father regarding bravery. Atticus? went against the norm, refusing to hunt and his disapproval of guns. He believed that guns do not make men brave a... ...to the human race and to no particular race of men. thither is not a person in this courtroom who has never told a lie, who has never done an immoral thing, and there is no man lifetime who has never looked upon a woman without desire? (Page 204)In conclusion, Atticus has a very significant role in the novel. Through Atticus, the town became apprised that, although Tom was black, Atticus still did his best to defend him and never gave up. or so importantly, Atticus proved to his children, and the townspeople that all men are created equal and should be given the same respect as everyone else regardless of their disrobe colour. He showed his son, Jem the true face of courage. Moreover, he taught his children the importance of education. A strong, loyal character, such as Atticus Finch has brought the book, ?To Kill A Mockingbird? to be considered a remarkable classic.

Part Seven Chapter 1

Relief of scantiness 13.5 Gifts to benefit the poor are open examineted, and a gift for the poor is charitable even if it happens incident aloney to benefit the rich Charles Arnold-BakerLocal Council Administration,Seventh magnetic variationNearly three weeks after(prenominal) the sirens had wailed through sleepy Pagford, on a sunny morning in April, Shirley Mollison stood alone in her bed populate, squinting at her reflection in the mirrored wardrobe. She was making final adjustments to her dress onward her in a flash-daily drive to South West General. The belt buckle slid up a hole tighter than it had done a fortnight ago, her silver hair was in extremity of a trim and her grimace against the sunshine blazing into the room could invite been a simple expression of her mood.When Miles accompanied her to the hospital, she could let him do all the talking to Howard, which he did, keeping up a sedate monologue of Pagford news. She felt so much better both more(prenominal)( prenominal) visible and more protected with tall Miles walking beside her down the chile corridors. He chatted genially to the nurses, and handed her in and out of the car, and restored to her the sense of cosmos a rare wolf, worthy of care and protection. exclusively Miles could non precipitate every day, and to Shirleys profound irritation he kept deputizing Samantha to accompany her. This was non the same thing at all, even though Samantha was one of the hardly a(prenominal) who managed to bring a smile to Howards purple vacant face.Nobody attendmed to sack how dreadful the silence was at home either. When the doctors had told the family that recuperation would take months, Shirley had hoped that Miles would invite her to move into the spare room of the big house in church building Row, or that he might stay over, from sequence to time, in the bungalow. But no she had been left alone, quite alone, except for a painful three-day expiration when she had played hostess to Pat and Melly.Id never discombobulate done it, she quieten herself, automatically, in the silent night, when she could not sleep. I never really meant to. I was just upset. Id never have done it.She had buried Andrews EpiPen in the well-to-do earth beneath the bird table in the garden, like a tiny corpse. She did not like k this instanting it was there. Some dark eventide soon, the night before refuse-collection day, she would dig it up again and slip it into a neighbours bin.Howard had not mentioned the beset to her or to anyone. He had not dealed her why she had recreate away when she saw him.Shirley found relief in long live streams of invective, directed at the people who had, in her stated opinion, caused the catastrophe that had locomote on her family. P progressinder Jawanda was the first of these, naturally, for her callous refusal to attend Howard. Then there were the two teenagers who, through their vile irresponsibility, had diverted the ambulance that might have r from each oneed Howard sooner.The latter telephone line was perchance a little weak, but it was the enjoyable fashion to understate Stuart surround and Krystal Weedon, and Shirley found plenty of willing listeners in her immediate circle. What was more, it had transpired that the Wall boy had been the Ghost of Barry Fairbrother all along. He had confessed to his parents, and they had personally telephoned the victims of the boys spite to apologize. The Ghosts identicalness had leaked swiftly into the wider community, and this, coupled with the knowledge that he had been jointly responsible for the drowning of a three-year-old child, made abuse of Stuart both a duty and a pleasure.Shirley was more vehement in her comments than anybody. There was a savagery in her denunciations, each of them a little exorcism of the kinship and admiration she had felt for the Ghost, and a repudiation of that awful last post which nobody else, as yet, had admitted to hold ining. The Walls had not telephoned Shirley to apologize, but she was constantly primed, in case the boy should mention it to his parents, or in case anybody should bring it up, to deliver a final suppress blow to Stuarts reputation.Oh yes, Howard and I know all about it, she planned to say, with rimed dignity, and its my belief that the shock caused his heart attack.She had actually practised saying this aloud in the kitchen.The question of whether Stuart Wall had really known something about her married man and Maureen was less urgent now, because Howard was patently incapable of shaming her in that way again, and perhaps never would be, and nobody seemed to be gossiping. And if the silence she killered Howard, when she was unavoidably alone with him, was tinged with a sense of grievance on both sides, she was able to face the outlook of his protracted incapacitation and absence from the house with more equanimity than she might have thought possible three weeks previously.The doorbell rang and Shirley hurried to open it. Maureen was there, hobbling on ill-advised high heels, garish in b upright aquamarine.Hello, dear, add in, verbalise Shirley. Ill get my bag.Theyre saying people got up a collection, give tongue to Maureen, brimfull of gossip that Shirley had somehow missed, in her endless back and forward trips to the hospital. Dont ask me who. Anyway, I wouldnt have thought the family would privation it right by the river, would you?(The bemire and foul- uttered little boy, of whose existence few had been aware, and of whom nobody but his fuss and sister had been especially fond, had undergone such a transformation in Pagfords embodied mind by his drowning, that he was spoken of everywhere as a water baby, a cherub, a pure and gentle angel whom all would have embraced with love and compassion, if hardly they could have saved him.But the needle and the flame had had no transformative effect upon Krystals reputation on the contrary, they had fixed her permanen tly in the mind of Old Pagford as a soulless creature whose pursuit of what the elderly liked to call kicks had led to the death of an unacquainted(p) child.)Shirley was pulling on her coat.You realize, I actually saw them that day? she said, her cheeks act pink. The boy bawling by one clump of bushes, and Krystal Weedon and Stuart Wall in another Did you? And were they really ? asked Maureen avidly.Oh yes, said Shirley. Broad daylight. Open air. And the boy was right by the river when I saw him. A couple of steps and hed have been in.Something in Maureens expression stung her.I was hurrying, said Shirley with asperity, because Howard had said he was feeling poorly and I was worried sick. I didnt want to go out at all, but Miles and Samantha had displace Lexie over I regard, if you want my honest opinion, theyd had a row and thus Lexie wanted to visit the coffeehouse I was absolutely distracted, and all I could take was, I mustiness get back to Howard I didnt actually r ealize what Id seen until much posterior and the dreadful thing, said Shirley, her colour higher than ever, and returning again to her favourite refrain, is that if Krystal Weedon hadnt let that child wander off while she was having her fun in the bushes, the ambulance would have reached Howard so much more quickly. Because, you know, with two of them coming things got confu Thats right, said Maureen, interrupting as they moved out towards the car, because she had heard all this before. You know, I cant think why theyre having the service here in Pagford She longed to suggest that they drive sometime(prenominal) the church on the way to the hospital she had a craving to see what the Weedon family looked like en masse, and to glimpse, perhaps, that degenerate junkie mother but could think of no way to frame the request.You know, theres one comfort, Shirley, she said, as they set off for the bypass. The Fields are as good as gone. That must be a comfort to Howard. Even if he cant attend council for a while, he got that done.Andrew Price was speeding down the steep hill from Hilltop House, with the sun hot on his back and the wind in his hair. His week-old shiner had sullen yellow and green, and looked, if possible, even worse than it had when he had turned up at school with his eye almost closed. Andrew had told the teachers who enquired that he had pinen off his bike.It was now the Easter holidays, and Gaia had texted Andrew the previous evening to ask whether he would be going to Krystals funeral the next day. He had sent an immediate yes, and was now garbed, after much deliberation, in his cleanest jeans and a dark grey shirt, because he did not own a suit.He was not very clear why Gaia was going to the funeral, unless it was to be with Sukhvinder Jawanda, to whom she seemed to cling more fondly than ever, now that she was touching back to London with her mother.Mum says she should never have come to Pagford, Gaia had told Andrew and Sukhvinder h appily, as the three of them sat on the low protect beside the newsagents at lunchtime. She knows Gavins a total twat.She had given Andrew her mobile number and told him that they would go out together when she came to Reading to see her father, and even mentioned, casually, taking him to see some of her favourite places in London, if he visited. She was showering benefits around her in the expressive style of a demob-happy soldier, and these promises, made so lightly, gilded the prospect of Andrews own move. He had greeted the news that his parents had had an offer on Hilltop House with at least(prenominal) as much excitement as pain.The sweeping turn into church Row, usually made with an uplift of spirits, dampened them. He could see people moving around in the graveyard, and he wondered what this funeral was going to be like, and for the first time that morning thought of Krystal Weedon in more than the abstract.A memory, long buried in the deepest recesses of his mind, came back to him, of that time in the playground at St Thomass, when Fats, in a spirit of disinterested investigation, had handed him a peanut enigmatical inside a marshmallow he could still feel his burning throat closing inexorably. He remembered trying to yell, and his knees giving way, and the children all around him, reflection with a strange, bloodless interest, and then Krystal Weedons raucous scream.Andiprice iz avin a lurgycacshunShe had run, on her compendious little legs, all the way to the staff room, and the headmaster had snatched Andrew up and sprinted with him to the near surgery, where Dr Crawford had administered adrenalin. She was the only one who had remembered the talk that their teacher had given the class, explaining Andrews life-threatening see to it the only one to recognize his symptoms.Krystal ought to have been given a favorable merit star, and perhaps a certificate at assembly as Pupil of the Week, but the very next day (Andrew remembered it as clearl y as his own collapse) she had hit Lexie Mollison so hard in the mouth that she had knocked out two of Lexies teeth.He wheeled Simons bike carefully into the Walls garage, then rang the doorbell with a reluctance that had never been there before. Tessa Wall answered, dressed in her best grey coat. Andrew was annoyed with her it was down to her that he had a black eye.Come in, Andy, said Tessa, and her expression was tense. Well just be a flash.He waited in the hallway, where the coloured glass over the door twine its paintboxy glow on the floorboards. Tessa marched into the kitchen, and Andrew glimpsed Fats in his black suit, crumpled up in a kitchen chair like a crushed spider, with one arm over his head, as if he were fending off blows.Andrew turned his back. The two boys had had no communication since Andrew had led Tessa to the Cubby Hole. Fats had not been to school for a fortnight. Andrew had sent a couple of texts, but Fats had not replied. His Facebook page remained frozen as it had been on the day of Howard Mollisons party.A week ago, without warning, Tessa had telephoned the Prices, told them that Fats had admitted to having posted the messages under the piss The_Ghost_of_Barry_Fairbrother, and offered her deepest apologies for the consequences they had suffered.So how did he know I had that computer? Simon had roared, advancing on Andrew. How did fucking Fats Wall know I did jobs after-hours at the printworks?Andrews only consolation was that if his father had known the truth, he might have cut Ruths protests and continued to pummel Andrew until he was unconscious.Why Fats had decided to pretend he had authored all the posts, Andrew did not know. Perhaps it was Fats ego at work, his determination to be the mastermind, the most destructive, the baddest of them all. Perhaps he had thought he was doing something noble, taking the fall for both of them. Either way, Fats had caused much more trouble than he knew he had never realized, thought Andrew, waiting in the hall, what it was like to live with a father like Simon Price, safe in his attic room, with his reasonable, civilized parents.Andrew could hear the adult Walls talking in quiet voices they had not closed the kitchen door.We need to leave now, Tessa was saying. Hes got a moral obligation and hes going.Hes had enough punishment, said Cubbys voice.Im not asking him to go as a Arent you? said Cubby sharply. For Gods sake, Tessa. Dyou think theyll want him there? You go. Stu can stay here with me.A minute later Tessa emerged from the kitchen, closing the door firmly behind her.Stu isnt coming, Andy, she said, and he could demonstrate that she was furious about it. Im sorry about that.

Doctor Who vs. Back to the Future Essay

People unceasingly love a good science fiction film or show, because even though it potful claim the same basic appraisal, they can be completely distinguishable. relate Who and gumption to the time to come ar ii of the worlds well-nigh beloved franchises, however, even though they are two based on prison term change of location, they completely different yet have both(prenominal) key similarities. two of these franchises have a creation of time exit. gear up Who is about an any-knowing alien named The doc, who travels through time and space in his time machine c each(prenominal)ed the TARDIS. He is norm exclusivelyy accompany by a friend or a companion that he picks up along his travels. With Back to the hereafter, it revolves around a seventeen-year old chaff named Marty McFly who, after crazy circumstances, winds up taking the time machine his scoop out friend, Doc Brown or Doc, had invented. Marty is accompanied by Doc from different points in Docs time l ine. The extent of time travel is different for these franchises.Time is one of the most mixed ideas in all of history. When it comes to the time travel perspective Doctor Who is much more complicated than the simple Back to the Future model of time travel. In Back to the Future, Marty accidentally goes back in time and stops his parents from ever meeting. passim the movie he tries to get his parents to fall in love. When he begins to run off at getting them to fall in love, he starts to fade away. This idea seems to be pretty straightforward. However, you need to take into account the fact if Marty was never born how did he travel back and stop them from meeting.In Doctor Who it goes much more in-depth and time travel gets more difficult to understand. If the Doctor was faced with the same situation as Marty, a paradox would reach and he would have been from a different time stream where his parents got married, and he wouldnt have faded away. One of the most immense trademarks that situate these franchises is the characters. The trademark characters define this writing style of film. The Doctor is an alien from the planet Gallifray, who has been traveling for about 900 years.Marty, is a teenager who gets thrown into a time travel with no foreknowledge about the subject. Marty is a naive teenager who doesnt know the first thing about time travel, whereas the Doctor knows all about time travel, history, science and, most importantly, what not to mess with. level though they dont share the same knowledge, their personalities have some similarities. They both show bravery when needed and are willing to pitch through time just to help someone dear to them. However, what shines the most about these two characters are their flaws.Whenever someone calls Marty a chicken, he loses all control of himself and does whatever he can to prove he isnt. The Doctor, on the other hand, has a dark side. If someone breaks the Doctor enough, who is already damaged, he will show no mercy, and that is the scariest thing about him. Even though no one likes them, the antagonist of each franchise is just as important as the protagonist. In Back to the Future the antagonist is jabbing Tannen. Biff Tannen bullied Martys dad as a kid and continues to sashay him into adulthood. With Doctor Who the main antagonist, among many, are the Daleks.They are a robotic alien hotfoot that wants nothing more than to destroy anything that isnt Dalek and will do anything to survive. Both of these enemies only care about can benefit themselves. Neither of them cares if they attenuate anyone, or the disaster they can cause in their quest for place or wealth. The Daleks, however, arent the same as Biff. The Daleks are very fast(a) to their own race, whereas Biff isnt loyal to anyone. In Back to the Future Biff is thought of as a pain that Marty has to deal with whereas when the Doctor has to deal with the Daleks, he is frightened.The Daleks are pure hate and have no sympa thy. Biff is a human being so therefore he does have humanity somewhere in him. The science fiction genre is one of the most celebrated genres in all of history. It is so bulky and so loved by many. Even though there are so much science fiction, even though some have the same basic idea, they can be so different with a few key things in common that makes it spectacular. Doctor Who and Back to the Future are two enchanting franchises in their own ways, even with both of them revolving around time travel.

Media essay comparing Essay

The use of this threat, which suggests canfulnibalism, something that still horrifies a lot of people, is particularly impelling and still used in films such as Silence of the lambs. charge certainly portrays an effective show of fear. In the 1997 magnetic declination Finn, sort of looks nearly cared for and certainly able to defend himself. When Robert De Niro enters as Magwitch he does look rather rough and his use of very graphic lecture is meant to be part of the particular that he is not well educated where as in the David Lean version even though Magwitch was ill mannered he did not swear.When grabbed by Magwitch Finn doesnt look quite as scare as he is meant to. He is not able to answer foreland except to nod or make some gurgling noises as Magwitchs move over is covering his mouth all the while. As the 1944 version follows the new closely the convict is able to pick Pip up and posture him on a tombstone and tilt him back to a government agency where he (the con vict) is Pips lonesome(prenominal) support and the fact that end-to-end the whole rough treatment he gets from Magwitch he is constantly polished and uses the respectful title sir, when it is quite clear that Magwitch is no gentleman makes the hearing tone of voice even more sympathetic towards him.As the 1997 version of the depiction is shot at a beach there is no expression that Magwitch could generate picked Finn up and place him on a tombstone, although in my discernment he could have tilted him back from the boat nearby so that if Magwitch let go he would fall into the ocean. As for physical structure language on the whole I think that Pip was able to wrangle his fear far better than Finn in the 1997 version. I found the actions and body language of Magwitch equally daunting in both films.In the 1944 version we do not get to see the Convicts face properly which leads the reference think of him as a very gloomy and frightening figure, as on could imagine him in any commission they like. To argue that we see Pips face quite clearly and the fear etched into it. In the 1997 version we have only a fleeing vision of the convicts face earlier the camera zooms in on Pips face and w can only see the convicts hand which is covering his moth. I gestate the 1944 version was more successful in creating a Magwitch that was fearsome to all.I believe casting had a hug part to play in this as well, because I had grown p watching Robert De Niro movies and I have seen him appear in many a(prenominal) of my favourite movies in the place of many of my favourite characters and it was very intemperate for me to think of him as the evil and alarming looking Magwitch as I had other impressions from him. On the other hand as the 1944 version was made years before I was born(p) I had no idea who the actors were and I had no impressions of them before I watched the movie and I am sure if I come crossways a movie with Finlay Currie cast in a different role I wo uld still think of hi as Abel Magwitch.People ordinarily go to movies to escape their reality for a brief spell of time, the fact that David Lean chose to have his cast wearing Victorian customs makes it easier for the audience to feel transported into another era easier than the 1997 version where the director chose to have the costumes renew along with everything else. On the whole I think that David Leans version of dandy Expectations was more successful in creating tension and suspense.The fact that the movie is in black and white and that it portrays grim and harsh surroundings as argue to the beautiful and sunny location of the 1997 version of the film where it was very hard for me to feel the slightest bit of tension although there was a considerable summate produced by the sudden appearance of the convict I didnt feel it was enough or that it did any justice to the book which in my sentiment is one of the best ever written and nowadays I a good deal come across writer s who have tried to reproduce novels the same way Dickens did.I preferred the 1944 David Lean version because I entangle it did justice to the book and gratified my expectations in creating a cataclysm of mount tension. Niloofar Bozorgi 10R 1 Show preview only The above preview is unformatted textual matter This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Great Expectations section.

Markets

These merchandises includes very tough competition as equalisery in the Brewing effort is increasingly high. SABMILLER tend to have got multiple brands with different merchandise positions. In this market, it is much easier for competitors to launch rival products that compete directly on toll and thus eroding market share. After analyzing the companys competition, SABMiller has and still is experiencing this problem for typeface in North the States especially recently where lnBev has bought Anhevser-Busch this has helped the dominant beer maker to enlarge a win space between themselves andSABMiller which has affected the companys market share future plans deeply, SABMiller right off has to come up with new advanced(a) ideas to try and close the jailbreak between them and A-B lnBev. The American Industry is the largest brew market by look upon as rivalry is now much(prenominal) intense than ever, meaning more competitors, are entering into a damage war with SABMiller . This has become a huge holy terror for SABMiller, but it does alike hold opportunities to weaken this threat down. For example the company has the opportunity to bring in more stakes in the Brazilian market, or become the possessor of China resources which is the largest brewer in China.SABs acquisition of Miller was largely receivable to the pressure from the London dividing line Exchange. It is felt that SAB was at risk overdue to its over reliance of woolly currencies in certain market. Even though their core competences were elsewhere, SAB went on with the coup to please the stakeholders. SABMillers South African gloss has shaped the strategic growing of the company. It is this culture, which makes their distinct capability of entering emerge markets less imitable. As highlighted in the case study, SABMiller strategy represents synthesis of accomplishment based on the historical developments of the company.MarketsThese markets includes very tough competition as r ivalry in the Brewing industry is increasingly high. SABMILLER tend to own multiple brands with different market positions. In this market, it is much easier for competitors to launch rival products that compete directly on price and thus eroding market share. After analyzing the companys competition, SABMiller has and still is experiencing this problem for example in North America especially recently where lnBev has bought Anhevser-Busch this has helped the dominant Brewer to enlarge a further space between themselves andSABMiller which has affected the companys market share future plans deeply, SABMiller now has to come up with new innovative ideas to try and close the gap between them and A-B lnBev. The American Industry is the largest brewing market by value as rivalry is now more intense than ever, meaning more competitors, are entering into a price war with SABMiller. This has become a huge threat for SABMiller, but it does also hold opportunities to weaken this threat down. F or example the company has the opportunity to acquire more stakes in the Brazilian market, or become the owner of China resources which is the largest brewer in China.SABs acquisition of Miller was largely due to the pressure from the London Stock Exchange. It is felt that SAB was at risk due to its over reliance of soft currencies in certain market. Even though their core competences were elsewhere, SAB went on with the takeover to please the stakeholders. SABMillers South African Culture has shaped the strategic development of the company. It is this culture, which makes their distinct capability of entering emerging markets less imitable. As highlighted in the case study, SABMiller strategy represents synthesis of learning based on the historical developments of the company.

Shawshank Redemption Under the 4 Frames of Organizational Views

I. Problema Shawshank redemption Brief Summary Andy Dufresne a young and successful banker is move to Shawshank Prison for the murder of his wife and secret lover. When he first arrives in prison he is very isolated and lonely. With time he realizes in that location is something deep within every man, that no other can touch, that give help him sound through this phase in his life. This element is Hope. Andy becomes friends with prison fixer Redand becomes influential within the prison, with both guards and inmates. Andy epitomizes wherefore it is crucial to leave dreams.His spirit and determination, leads him to plan one of the most elaborate prison breaks in Shawshank and filled with courage and desire he completes his daring escape. Political Issues The 2 biggest political issues we see in this movie is the relationship between the guards and the prisoners, and the warden contribute on Andys meaning to him. The only way to have an easier clock time and have good relatio nships with the guards is the use of buying them and having them be quiet and unsounded or noisy and violent when necessary.This is seeing in the movie when guards walking by and ignore acts of rape or violence, or when they act upon their birth instincts to punish or abuse another prisoner, to give way a statement. This helps name a re trustation among not only the guards but the prisoners. With some of them, acute how to use the guards to their benefit and that allows them to create sects for other motives. The relationship Andy established with Red (Morgan Freeman) can also be viewed as a political forepart towards neutrality, and avoid being casted in a particular(prenominal) prison group, faction or movement.The way the Warden treats Andy during the whole movie is a use of peak political power. Authority based on state powers which is used for man-to-man benefits and be subdued when necessary. Using Andy when needed and punishing him when he gets proscribed of line. Creating the relationship of power and authority. Symbolic Issues Its hard to pinpoint what the administrative characters symbolize, since most of them play to their roles exactly to what we expect from them. The warden for ex international amperele plays a rough, violent, political figure which is seeing by the way he runs the prison.The guards are the emblematic peons in a chess game, where they dont ask why things happen, they just obey their orders. Personally I believe that 4 characters make up the individual in the movie. We power see ourselves in every of these characters. Red (Morgan Freeman) The Best Friend. The man who knows the ins and out of the prison. Its been on that point for a long time and has created a neutral or conformist flummox on the issues that arise. Viewed as the person nobody can hate because of his abstemious going attitude and resultingness to help the ones that seek him. Brooks Hatlen (James Whitmore)The grandfather of the group. inactive but par ticipate, his whimsy h sexagenarians good power because he has become commit by the prison, by age. When let free from prison, we cant issue with the outside burdens and feels disconnected from the present world. He kills himself and we see him as retired old man, without family of friends, with no motive to live. A depressed old man. Andy Dufrasne (Tim Robbins) The hero of the movie. Manages to be likeable but strong enough to convey a stand out against abusive authority. Playing your cards in a well model out game to r individually the conclusion you need.Andy not only escapes from prison but also shines the light on the corrupt system the prison was having. Tommy Williams (Gil Bellows) The loose gun. That person we see on our lives that we cant get through to. Could be a son, a brother or a close friend. Even though we know the bad things, we believe there is still hope to save him and have him change. When he is murdered in the movie, we think to our selves, It was too late for him. He already dug up his tomb. Theres always someone in our lives that we wish we could save. &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212II. whatsoever Unconscious Aspects of Organizations Help create a Psychological Frame from this member From reading the lecture, I wont bother in recreating each aspect of the stories. Instead I will try to create and explain the postulates, that I believe, make up the psychological frame. Also Ill connector personal examples to the postulates. 1. Organizations are always linked to the person who creates them From hiring the first employees and creating the standards of supervision. Companies will always remember the person who created them.Some companies create Principles or Values, to linger the substance of the first settler. a. Personal example The Company Mars Inc. know mostly for Chocolate and PetCare food, has been always a private, family owned smart set. A s presently as new employees are hired, they are treated as associates and taught the 5 family principles, to longer stretch the Mars Philosophy of work. 2. Human Aspect will be translated from founder to organization Any aspect or specific personality the founder has, will be shown on either alliance view or work style.Not only Unconscious Aspects negotiation more or less this translation happening but also Perfection or Bust, talks about an Obsessive Compulsive Company. b. Personal Example An accounting company founded by a man that likes to commit to a lot of contracts, without evaluating the resources on hand. A compulsive man that reacts before analyzing and then becomes harsh upon reviewing results. 3. tack in governing factors are related to change in employees, and might be temporary Even though must companies maintain a certain style of work and certain way to act upon the globe eye these aspects might change or evolve with time.Most companies are viewed by the people who employ the company at that moment. Thats why opinions whitethorn vary from time to time, depending on who holds management. c. Personal Example P&G has been viewed as a conservative company, by others in the industry. A public company, result oriented in which whoever works there, must be extremely efficient and intelligent to achieve a position. Other world(a) Manager have tried to create a more giving and laid back style of work but have been put out by upper management but during those times, the companies style and opinion was different. . Development of employees is more of an indoctrination The training of the job, will come tied to the political theory of the company. Created by the founder of the company. This way, the work style and culture is propagated by the kindred employees and on hand-training. d. Personal Example Both P&G and Mars Inc. , create online assessment, where the companys history and culture is explained in detail. Helping the employee or asso ciate get acquainted with the companys culture.

Keeping History Alive

He believes that no one cares just about this prescribe that was formerly the majusculeest civilization between the desserts of Mexico and the North America Attic, nor do they keep up the appearance _or_ semblance to realize that it was Americas first city because they built a highway business threw the middle of it without a care in the world. Glen is cl early upset that Iacocca, universe a great achievement by the Indians, does not have the popularity and measure that Macho Fichu does today. Hodges gives many examples to back up his opinion. He talks about the first person to write a detailed account ofCassias mounds, heat content Bracketing. Secondary source Henry wrote that he was astonished at the coat of the mounds. He did however complain that his discovery was widely ignored when devote in the newspaper to his friend, former President Thomas Jefferson. Americans at this clock time didnt care about the Indians and there history. Andrew Jacksons Indian Removal Act of 1830 early expressed that. He also talked about Dwight Howard establishing his highway program. This allowed the highways to be built right In the middle of the mounds.Many archeologist have tidied the area contact Iacocca and Iacocca and have found great things, primary sources/artifacts for example they found homes, and world sacrifice sites. All these things just show that it was a great ripening and civilization. Hodges also speaks of his own experiences with Iacocca. When he drives to SST. Louis, he tries to see something that shows evidence of how great of a place it once was and to look at if there was a biography site of the big mound there. He says that he was shocked to see that the exact bandage were the big mound was located was the exact spot were the ewe East SST.Louis bridge was going to be constructed. He was surprised that this was natural event and when we asked around about it he found out that when archaeologists excavated the lot they didnt find a tr ace of Big Mound, only the factories that were built to take its place in the 19th century. After searching for a while, Hodges did find a very small, poor looking cobblestone memorial a half(prenominal) a block belt down Broadway from Mound Street, with a missing brass instrument and grass growing between the rocks. When Glen was there, there was a man dot weed killer, but, e wasnt from the city.Just another person who hates to his history go down the drain. After reading this article, I now completely agree with Glen Hodges. I must admit that I was one of the people who had never hear of this place before, and it shocked me that it was in SST. Louis, a place that I have been many times. I dont think Its right that the government is allowing America to to ca-ca highways and businesses on such a holsters landmark. I hate that America Is doing zip to Iacocca a lot more then they are right now.

Emergency And Disaster Management Essay

There has been an increase in misfortunes in the instauration as exhibited in the recent past. Since time immemorial, disasters guide been kn induce to occur cause emergency situations in me really split of the earth. As a upshot of disasters, there is loss of life, demise of properties worth peerless million million of shillings, mass supplanting of millions of multitude leading to refuge status, psychological trauma among other issues (Cuny, 1983, p. 29). However, the ruggedness of the above topics depends on a grounds disaster set and temperance measures that piss been put in place.The modern world c every last(predicate)s for walk outionate repartee to disasters and dissimilar g everyplacenments perplex formulated policies on how to deal with disasters and most(prenominal) importantly how to avoid them. Funds have been set aside that caters for either emergency situations that warrant a quick answer by all sectors. harmonize to Alexander (2002, p. 20), a disaster is a calamity which scum bag be as a lean of humans or seat be lifelike and disposes a heights risk to loss of life, declension of the health status of the affected, loss and final stage of properties and most at oft causes environmental deterioration through loss of habitat and ecological imbalance.Disasters moderate from a failure to handle a risk factor in the vulnerable environment or heap. It is unfortunate, that most disasters with tragic and greater consequences affect the so callight-emitting diode developing countries as compared to industrialized nations. Hoffman & Smith (2002, p. 20), notes that greater than 95% of black cases as a result of disaster occurs in less industrialized nations. Further more(prenominal), natural disasters account for more than 20 multiplication the losses in developing countries as compared to the industrialized nations.Read more Role of State Government in Disaster ManagementTheses observations court the question what of necessity to be done in these developing nations so as to reduce the consequences of disasters. The answer can be found in developing an effective disaster management program to cater for emergencies. This evidence focuses on development of a disaster management program specifically for chinaware which is prone to disasters. It al subaltern tackle issues to do with hazard analysis, prevention, preparedness, response and the recovery plans in case of a disaster. Frequency and impact of disasters in chinaware chinaware as a country in the farthest eastern side of the Asian continent is prone to umteen natural and man-made disasters.In the recent past, it has topped in disaster facts in the world with rise in the dying toll and ravaging of properties. china has an item of six of disasters in the world which are classified as deadly due to their severe consequences. Among this top six disasters, the leading triplet affected china leading to deaths calculated to be in millions of the great unwashed (CRED, 2009, para. 4). Historically, the china floods of 1931 had the greatest death toll of over 2 million slew followed by the Yellow River floods of 1887 which had a death toll of over 0. 9 million.Thirdly, the Shaanxi earthquake which occurred in 1556 claimed 0. 83 million lives. The absolute frequency of occurrence of disasters in chinaware has hindered both economic and social development of the country due to the resulting consequences. This has posed a challenge to the government of china in its effort to alleviate leanness mostly in the rural populations and in highly populated provinces. Efforts have been put in maintaining a info base for the disaster prone areas by organizations like International illness Database (EM-DAT) and the Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters.This data helps in identifying the most disaster prone areas so as efforts are enhanced to reduce the risks compound therefore mitigating the hazar d (CRED, 2009, para. 3-6). chinaware has had an increased risk to occurrence of disasters than every other in the continent of Asia. Recently in August of 2010, main defeat mainland China has been affected by wreakslides that resulted in the death of at least 127 people while thousands were missing and many an(prenominal) people had to be evacuated to safer grounds. In this alike(p) family hundreds of people were feared dead in the mountainous area of Qinnghai later a 6.9 earthquake struck the area. The area is populateed by poor people who are highly prone to this kind of disaster. In 2009, there was besides earthquake that kil conduct more than 5000 students. Also, tap blasts were put down to have caused deaths in this same social class (Poyzner, 2010, para. 5). In the family 2008, several(prenominal) earthquakes were report that caused deaths that amounted to thousands of people. In the same year land slides were reported do destruction of property and loss of lives . The year 2005 was marked by tap blasts that consumed several lives of mine workers.Virulent outbreaks of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome were recorded which similarly consumed several lives. As observed from the above data, three major disasters bear on China are Earthquakes, landslides and floods (Ponserre & Hoyois, 2006, para. 2-7). Frequency and impacts of earthquakes, landslides and floods in China According to Young et al. (2007, p. 299), China is one of the countries that experiences very strong intra-continental seismality that leads to the frequent occurrence of earthquakes in the country.High frequency has been noted in the Northern parts of China which have resulted into deaths of many people in that area. Occurrence of earthquakes in China is always catastrophic with china topping the come of the worlds earthquakes that have caused many loss of life. Since 1976, the Sichuan earthquake tops the list of casualties having caused the death of close to 70,000 peopl e. Since then, the government of the Peoples Republic of China took upon itself to come up with an earth quake administration that operated nationally.Among the duties of this institution were to stick out monitoring of occurrence of earthquakes, conduct research in areas that were recorded to be prone or vulnerable especially in the north. Additionally, they had the responsibility of arrange all emergency efforts in case an earthquake occurred. The institution channelised its quote after being legally mandated by an Act in their legislative laws. In 1998, it became the China Earthquake Administration that oversees the independent earthquake administrations in the provinces and regions.The well coordinated efforts of this institution have seen quick emergency response to earthquake disasters and so minimizing the number of deaths. Earthquake occurrence in China is high compared to other nations around it. In this year alone, 300 people perished in April as a result of a 2. 9 ea rthquake. The year 2009 likewise recorded deaths from earthquakes. The year 2008 will remain remembered by many in China as in the month of May, over 50,000 people perished in southern China. The same quake caused a lot of destruction to infrastructure with 80% of buildings collapsing in one county.Earthquakes have a high occurrence in China with hardly a year discharge without any reports of earthquake. Joint efforts are called for in case of emergencies. In China the army is involved in conducting evacuation of the victims, providing medical services to the suffer evacuees, they undertake construction works to open communication and provide improvised shelters to the affected. China has been said to be geologically vulnerable to occurrence of landslides primarily due its topography. Several factors come into play that allures the occurrence of landslides.This includes the climatic conditions generally targeting on rain piss patterns, the familiar landwealth type and its qualities and off course the soil covering in the said areas (Reilly, 2010, para. 5). Recently, there have been gravid rains in China which has resulted into a landslide in the hilly areas of Gansu. The landslide that occurred in the second week of August killed at least 127 people and leave thousands missing. In addition, thousands of people had to be evacuated to safer grounds to reduce the casualty. In July, let off several people were reported missing as a result of a landslide in the southern parts of China.In the year 2009, southern China too experienced a major landslide that caused a lot of destruction to buildings and infrastrures such as roads and bridges. The year 2008 was not left behind, with a landslide that occurred in a mine without an operating license killing 254 people. As indicated above the impacts of these disasters are many with death topping the list, loss of properties and infrastructure and movement of people thus having a percentage of people who are roofless in their own country?Nationally, theses disasters are a hindrance to economic growth and prosperity. They lay down disharmony in efforts to develop and are time and money down which would have been otherwise used somewhere else. Also, they create psychological tune and the peoples productivity is lowered. This has left many in want and re fraud on aid from well wishers and the government. The climatic conditions experienced in China exposes it to flooding. China experiences heavy rains in some seasons in the years causing breaking of river banks and the drainage system.What follows is flood water systems everywhere especially in the low lying areas sometimes reaching heights of over one meter. Currently in the month of August, China has experienced heavy pass rains causing flooding and mudslides in the provinces of Gansu and Yunnan. In the recent months alone, floods and landslides have caused the death of more than 1,500 residents who were unlucky and failed to be eva cuated. In the months of June and July, more than 4200 people had to be evacuated to safer grounds in a government coordinated rescue mission.A critical observation of flood data points the southern parts of China as the most vulnerable to flooding. China alone tops the world in the top six slots of the most catastrophic floods and landslides to be recorded in history. In the year 1931, the most catastrophic landslide in the world was recorded with deaths ranging from 2-4 million people. This flood as well secures the first persuasion as the top natural disaster in history having caused the highest number of loss of lives. Despite China being faced with lots of torrential rains in pass which cause floods, it produces a record grain harvest.However, the yields have been affected by the floods. Apart from deaths caused by floods, they also impact negatively on crop yield by destroying crops in the farming fields. This has led to loss of millions of yuans in the export market and al so confounded poverty index in China (Watts, 2010, para. 6). Apart from this, the floods have left millions of the Chinese people who live in the low level farm lands homeless and without a source of livelihood. There have been government efforts to construct levees and also hydroelectric projects from the flood waters.The government has involved planners in developing projects that will see water being diversified into regions that receive less rainfall in the northern parts of the country. This will enable the excess water to be channeled to the arid regions. This will serve two purposes of controlling floods and essay to improve the agricultural activities in the north. Differences in frequencies and impacts of disasters The northern part of China has a diffuse zone which is prone to seismic activities as compared to other parts of China or even other countries.The plate tectonics theory as is known by geologists helps in understanding seismic actions in China. There are tecton ic movements due to the influence of the Indo-Asian encounter due to motions in the crust in the continental China. There is gravitative movement leading to spreading of the tectonic plates which has a major influence in the deformation of the crust in much of Asia. The northern China block experiences higher seismicity than the southern parts due to high latent hostility pull outs in the northern plates. The south China lacks this stress forces and moves together as one block hence reduced or no seismic activity.Research has also shown that, as a result of previous seismic activity, an area is left prone to occurrences of similar stresses and seismic activity (Yang, 2007, p. 3). This explains the frequency of occurrence of tectonic earthquakes in the northern parts unlike in other areas of the continental Asia. China as indicated above has been faced by many catastrophic floods that have resulted into many losses. There are many causes of floods which lead to China being more v ulnerable to them in equivalence to other nations.First and foremost, China experiences heavy torrential rains in summer most in the southern parts of the country. The rains come in flashes which ofttimes supersedes the holding capacity of Chinas drainage system. Most of the rivers in the affected areas break their banks leading to water spreading in the low lying areas which are mainly inhabited by the farmers. This causes havoc to their crops and their dwellings. In its efforts to industrialization, China has many factories and motor vehicles in their roads (Hilhorst, Dijkzeul & Herman, 2010, p. 122) This has led to pollution of the air and hence the ozone layer is destroyed.As a result global warming is accelerated and this has led to snowmelt in spring and the water going into the sea. The rise in sea level consequently causes a rise in the river levels which then breaks and cause flooding. The relief of China also hastens flooding. In the lowlands, the rivers will flow much slowly and any change in the water volume will cause flooding in the low lying areas. China borders the ocean in a very large area unlike other countries. The coastal areas experiences high tides and heavy storms that leads to rise in the sea level.If the level surpasses the level of the low lands at the coast, flooding occurs in these areas. In addition, the high population in China also may exacerbate the problem of flooding. The high population needs life necessities like food and shelter. As a result, they cultivate and inhabit the low lying areas which are prone to flooding. Their uncontrolled cultivation of the land will lead to soil erosion and the land cover is destroyed. The land is therefore left bare and with increased risks of floods during heavy rains. Many forces do interplay to hold the land surfaces together.The force of critical importance is friction which holds the various layers of the soil in a compact nature. Any interruption to this force of friction causes a slippery motion and results in landslides. Gravity plays the central factor in causation of landslides. If at any time the force of gravity supersedes the force of friction, a landslide will occur. Water is the common trigger of landslide since the sippage of water into the ground causes reduction of friction that exists between the bedrock and the upper sediment layers of soil. When this happens, debris of soil is sent downhill. referable to the torrential rainfall in China, landslides are imminent especially in the sloppy areas. China experiences a high frequency of earthquakes as compared to any other country. Consequently, the seismic waves cause vibration in the earths surface which upsets the existing frictional forces and causes landslides (Helmer & Hilhorst, 2006, p. 106). Landslides are therefore common in earthquake regions as well as areas prone to flooding. volcanic eruptions have also been shown to result in landslides in areas that have latterly experienced volca nic activity.In addition, human activities like blasting during digging process and vibrations as a result of heavy traffic also cause earthquakes. China has had its citizens lose their lives as a result of mine blasting activities as the mines collapse burying the miners alive. China has had its exceptional grant of these disasters as a result of these predisposing factors. Conclusion In conclusion, disasters have go along affecting many parts of this world. Despite the preparations that are put in place a lot deserves to be enhanced to minimize the trend of occurrence of disasters.While some natural disasters are inevitable as they are beyond human control, mitigational measures should be enhanced to take boot of the rise in these cases. China tops the list of most fatal disasters that have been recorded in historical times. The top three have been the frequent earthquakes in the northern parts, deadly floods in the low lying areas which have brought havoc to the people inhabi ting these areas and finally the landslides which also have caused destruction of property.With these disasters occurring frequently in china, the government has had to come up with an authority that is concerned with disaster management. It has a well established system of disaster mitigation which tends to prevent the disposing hazards turning into disasters. Secondly, they have preparedness measures that involve enhancing their capabilities to fight disasters. They also do have a well developed disaster response system (Harrald, 2006, p. 256). Finally, recovery measures are enhanced to return into normalcy. Whatever they do all efforts must be directed towards saving lives.References Alexander, D. (2002). Principles of Emergency cooking and Management. Harpended Terra publishing. CRED (2009). The International Disaster Database EM-DAT. Retrieved 18/08/2010 from http//www. unisdr. org/disaster-statistics/impact-killed. htm Cuny, F. (1983). Disasters and Development. Oxford Oxfor d University Press. Harrald, J. (2006). Agility and Discipline little Success Factors for Disaster Response. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and well-disposed Science 604, 256. Helmer, M. & Hilhorst, D. (2006). Natural Disasters and Climate Change.Disasters, 30 (3), 100- 107 Hilhorst, D, Dijkzeul, D. & Herman, J. (2010). kindly Dynamics of Humanitarian Action. Disasters, 34 (3), 120-125. Hoffman. S. & Smith, A. (2002). Catastrophe and Culture The Anthropology of Disaster. Santa Fe NM School of American Research Press. Ponserre, S. & Hoyois, P. (2006). Disaster statistics 1991-2005. Internationa scheme for Disaster Reduction. Retrieved 18/08/2010 from http//www. unisdr. org/disaster-statistics/introduction. htm Poyzner, M. (2010). China, Disasters Timeline. Retrieved 18/08/2010 from http//www. mapreport.com/subtopics/d/countries/china. html Reilly, M. (2010). Chinas Giant Landslide Natural or Man-made Disaster? baring newsworthiness. Retrieved 18/08/ 2010 from http//news. discovery. com/earth/chinas-giant-landslide-natural-or-man-made-disaster. html Watts, J. (2010). China Devastated by Floods. Guardian News and Media Limited. Retrieved 18/08/2010 from http//www. guardian. co. uk/world/2010/jun/20/china-devastated-floods Yang, M. et al. (2007), Active Tectonics and Intracontinental Earthquakes in China The Kinematics and Geodynamics. The Geology Society of America, 20 (5), 299-306.

Views of Christianity and Islam Towards Trade

Christianity and Islam argon twain of the most practiced religions in the world, and have been for centuries. These deuce faiths are twain(prenominal)(prenominal) mo nonheistic, which means they worship one God, or Allah. Started over 2000 years ago, Christianity is establish on the teachings and life of Jesus Christ and was blossom out throughout the ro gay letters Empire. The religion of Islam began early in 600 C. E. by the prophet Muhammad, and he spread the word of Allah. These religions spread quickly in Europe and the Middle East. As they progressed, new profession routes came about in these areas.Overtime, Christianity and Islam developed opinions about the trading and businesses activity and the tidy sum who pursued it. According to the religions devoted books, the Bible and Quran, their views on dish out were different at number 1. Christians believed that stack should not portion out for it was not the pursuit of man. Islamics were much more tolerant of trad e, as massive as merchants were honest in their bargaining. By 1000 C. E, both the religions attitudes towards trade had changed completely. Christian scholars began to teach that honest trade was acceptable, mend Muslim scholars saw the danger that trade brought to a mans soul.By the fifteenth century, attitudes towards trade had level off more drastic change once again. Christianity espoused that trade was encouraged and worthy, small-arm Muslims believed merchants were corrupt. When the two religions firstly began, Christianity and Islam differed at first on their views concerning trade. As stated in the Christian Bible, it is almost impossible for a abounding man to enter the kingdom of God ( inventory 1). For Christians, at first they had to live a change life without making any profits.Its express that it was easier for a camel to go through the eye of a needle, than for a rich man to enter into the kingdom of God. As for Muslims this differed because in the Quran, me n were allowed to trade as desire as they were honest said in scroll 2. If the two parties speak the truth and make it manifest, their transaction shall be blessed, and if they conceal and tell and lie, the blessing of their transaction shall be obliterated. This means that if two people trade fairly amongst each other without cheating, then nothing is pervert according to the Islam beliefs.If one of the men are cheated, then their business allow for be wiped out. The point of document 1 was that Jesus was a unfortunate man, therefore his followers lived up to being poor as well. When Christianity started, Christians believed that in order to go to heaven, they mustiness live a poor and humble life, like Jesus did. The same logic applies for Muslims in document 2, whos founder Muhammed was a tight merchant. In document two, the author is supporting merchants and saying that they will be accepted by Allah as long as they are truthful.Muslims strongly believed that it was O.K. to be a wealthy merchant as long you are honest, like Muhammed. Therefore, the two religions were at first different because Christianity had negative views toward trade while Islam was for it and they were alike because the tenableness for their views both traced back to their founders. In documents four and five, the view points of Christians and Muslims toward trade began to change. Christians, who were at first against trade and bonnie wealthy from it, now say that it is okay to trade as long as you are honest.Stated in document four, No man should sell a thing to another man for more than its worth. This is saying that for men to do business with one another, they must not sell things for more than they are worth, or in other words scam each other. While Christian scholars are enough more lenient towards trade than they were when the religion started, Islamic scholars are becoming more strict. Muslims now believe that selling things for a profit, even if it is honest, is needs affecting the soul. These qualities transmit to a decrease and weakening in impartiality and manliness, (document five).The Islam look on trade now sees that the methods that trade employs are tricks aimed at making a profit by securing the difference between purchasing and selling prices. The two religions, however, are still somewhat similar because they both believe that trading for large profits can eventually lead to corruption of the soul. Views of trade by Christians and Muslims yet continued to change even further in documents six and sevensome. It seems in document six as if Christians were being encouraged to trade as long as it convoluted God.Religious paintings of Our Lady were being asked for, therefore Christians now want people to trade. to a fault in document six it is stated that, You know God has grant you to acquire great riches in this world, may He be praised. It is now expected for Christian merchants to trade and use God while doing so. Overti me you can see the change on the views of trade, because at first Christians did not want anyone making a large profit. As for Muslims, merchants are loosing money from trading. In document seven, Sakaoglu Nasuh is an example of how over time the work activity has affected his ethical customs. The aforementioned has now acted contrary to the octogenarian custom. This is because he is demoralizeing all the cotton yarn and selling them for higher(prenominal) prices. Hence, not giving the other merchants a fair opportunity to buy and sell the cotton as well. This is going against what the Islam religion believed, which is business activities are acceptable as long as you are not victorious profit of others. The Islamic Court probably said this is document seven because they wanted to please the people and let them know that merchants must obey.The two religions continue to differ in these documents because Christians are now persuading people to trade, while Islam trading is beco ming monopolized. However, Christianity and Islam are still alike in which they both use religion as an example. The attitudes of Christianity and Islam towards trade and merchants differed. When the two religions first began, they had adversary views from each other. Christians saw trade and wealth as being distant from God and it was not approved. Muslims, on the other hand, tolerated trade as long as the two parties were honest and no one was taken advantage of.Later on, these views changed when Christians became more lenient and also accepted honest trade. Muslims then saw trade as inevitably affecting the soul when merchants became corrupt by outbidding other merchants. However, we would need additional documents such as documents from the common people in order to asses the consequences of the merchant activities. We do not know how the Christians or Muslims commoners viewed the trading business, therefore, we cannot fully understand all aspects of the religions towards it.

Analysis of Different Banks Performance in Bangladesh by Using Published Financial Statements

07 disdainful 2007 Md. Mahfuzur Rahman 2003-2-10-187 BBA East westward University Dear Mahfuz As the students of business administ symmetryn ar supposed to prepargon a Report and submit that at the s prime of the semester, you ar authorized to choose an delighting issue and construct a formal paper on that. The issue should be the analytic thinking of Basel symmetricalness and Its influence on buzzwords of Bangladesh. The report should each(prenominal)(prenominal)ow approximately key steps such(prenominal) as administrator summary, introduction, conclusion, seeded players of reading and the digest. The title should be a statement which entrust describe the report precisely.I will estimate if you prepare the report according to the learning disposed. Thanks Nikhil Chandra Shil Senior Lecturer &038 Assistant Proctor East West University 07 August, 2007 Nikhil Chandra Shil Senior Lecturer &038 Assistant Proctor Department of Business formation 43 Mohakhali C/A co rking of Bangladesh, Bangladesh Dear Sir Here is the report on the Analysis of Basel Agreement and Its influence on jargons of Bangladesh. As you will find that I assimilate conducted an in-depth investigation and compend of diverse types proportionality and tried to analyze true circumstances and displayed our results of synopsis and findings in this report.I will really appreciate if you go through the report and express your feedback on that. Thanks in truth Md. Mahfuzur Rahman 2003-2-10-187 Acknowledgement The report is based on the cognitive ope balancen analysis of variant desire in Bangladesh. While some(prenominal) an all errors of fact, omission, and emphasis are solely our responsibility. I would remiss, if I did non acknowledge those who helped me to prepare this report. jump of all I must humbly acknowledge the contri furtherion of Nikhil Chandra Shil for the sentence and effort to help me.I drive home had the good fortunate of shock him in personally an d sell his views and ideas. Next I must convey the University for offering us this chit-chat to it (BUS 498) course and our course instructor for his rise and coope proportionalityn. I believe it will help us in sagaciousness and identifying variant types of jeopardyiness in the buzzwording sector. Finally, I would deal to acknowledge the contri solelyions of my parents. Although they didnt save a single word of this report or any artworks, however their imprint jakes be found on ein truththing I do. They realise me, encourage e, and inspire me. They give my work and my live -meaning. It is my M opposite who go outs me all the love and affection. Chapter 1 04-16 1. 1 Origin of the Report, Objective 06 1. 2 Methodology, Scope, Limitations 08 1. Executive Summary 09 1. 4 Introduction 11 1. 5 lodgeing Indus analyze Overview 12 1. 6 assent military rank Status 16 Chapter 2 17-22 2. come across redevelopment up to(p)-bodiedness Ratios In tilling 17 2. 2 Earning Per Share 18 2. 3 liquidness adventureiness 20 2. 4 character reference take a run into 20 2. 5 jacket crown take vistas 21 3. separate gainfulness Ratios In coasting 23 3. 2 Earning Per Share 24 3. 3 fluidity hazard 26 3. 4 Credit run a run a gamble 26 3. 5 pileus risk of infection 27 4. chance upon Profitability Ratios In wedgeing 29 4. 2 Earning Per Share 30 4. 3 naiantity peril 32 4. 4 Credit endangerment 33 4. 5 swell Risk 34 5. 1 Key Profitability Ratios In confideing 35 5. Earning Per Share 36 5. 3 fluidity Risk 38 5. 4 Credit Risk 38 5. 5 Capital Risk 39 6. Key Profitability Ratios In shoreing 41 6. 2 Earning Per Share 42 6. 3 Liquidity Risk 44 6. 4 Credit Risk 45 6. Capital Risk 45 Chapter 7 metropolis confide 47-52 7. 1 Key Profitability Ratios In furbish upory financial institutioning 47 7. 2 Earning Per Share 48 7. 3 Liquidity Risk 50 7. Credit Risk 51 7. 5 Capital Risk 51 Chapter 8 Uttara bevel 53-58 8. 1 Key Profitability Ratios In swaning 53 8. 2 Earning Per Share 54 8. Liquidity Risk 55 8. 4 Credit Risk 56 8. 5 Capital Risk 57 Chapter 9 pinnacle intrust 59-64 9. 1 Key Profitability Ratios In believeing 59 9. 2 Earning Per Share 60 9. Liquidity Risk 62 9. 4 Credit Risk 63 9. 5 Capital Risk 63 Chapter 10 Southeast border 65-70 10. 1 Key Profitability Ratios In jargoning 65 10. Earning Per Share 66 10. 3 Liquidity Risk 68 10. 4 Credit Risk 68 10. 5 Capital Risk 67 Chapter 11 outcome 71-73 11. 1 Conclusion 71 11. Bibliography 73 Chapter-1 Introduction ORIGIN OF THE shroud This report has been prepared as a requirement for the completion of the BBA chopine of the Department of Business Administration, at East West University, outstanding of Bangladesh. OBJECTIVE The principal(prenominal) objective of the report is to illuminate on the different ratio analysis of to a greater extent or less study private swear bui lding in Bangladesh and its Comparative Analysis with other situateing concerns prevailing in the market.I will to a fault try to find out how the performance of the lodge is improving e preciseplace the long time and how it is contributing to the growth of the trusting sector. The following specific objectives rear end be set 1. To cite a comparative study on nine major private stick in Bangladesh. 2. To suggest suit adapted measures to remove the exist problems (if any) &038 improve the defer condition. DATA Data used in this project are derived from the published pecuniary statements of nine coasts operating in Bangladesh as of 31 December 2001, 31 to December 2005 from 48 cashboxs operating in Bangladesh.There are some shores whose financial statements either are non unattached or contain some incomplete or absentminded accounts, or are contradictory hence they are deleted from observation. confides are elect by their status of operation. I have chosen some Liquidated avows, some Problem bank buildings, and some Normal brims for my research. INITIAL VARIABLES There are some basic financial performance and structural characteristics to evaluate a bank, to wit lollyability, efficiency or productivity, fictional character of additions, growth and aggressiveness, fluidness, size, bang-up adequacy, income diversification, and dependence on affiliates.There is, certainly, no single vari qualified which could measure and represent each characteristic perfectly. There are, typically, several vari fittings that proximate to a characteristic of busy. base on literature review on banking and financial mental institutions and initial judgment, I chose the following vari adapted-bodieds to represent each characteristic as listed below. Earning and reachability come down on Assets (ROA) = cabbaget Income / Assets (NI/A) dispel on blondness ( roe) = crystalise Income / integrity (NI/E) show on Earning Assets ( roeA) = plunder Inc ome / Earning Assets (NI/EA) counterpunch on gives (ROL) = reside Income / bestows (II/L) amuse Income / Earning Assets (II/EA) net income Interest Income / Earning Assets (NII/EA) Interest permissiveness (IM) = birth on blood line Cost of Fund (IM) Productivity and Efficiency operating(a) Expense / operating(a) Income (OE/OI) Profit brink (PM) = Earning Before Taxes / Operating Income (EBT/OI) Sta. Expense / Assets (SE/A) Non- touch Expense / Assets (NonIE/A) tint of Assets Write-offs / Loans (W/L) formulation for Loan losings / Loans (PLL/L) Provision for Loan Losses / honor (PLL/E) Capital Adequacy virtue / Assets (E/A) fair play / Earning Assets (E/EA)Equity / Loans (E/L) Growth and pugnacity Loans Growth Rate (LGR) Loans-Market-Share outgrowth (LMSI) Deposit Growth Rate (DGR) Deposit-Market-Share Increment (DMSI) Equity Growth Rate (EGR) Loans to Deposit Ratio = Loans / Deposit (L/D) credibleness or Cost of Fund Interest Expense / Deposit (IE/D) Interest Expens e / Third Party Fund (IE/TPF) Size ln (Assets) (lnA) Income and Sources of Fund diversification Non- fill Income / Operating Income (NonII/OI) Deposit / Third Party Fund (D/TPF) Liquidity Liquid Assets / Deposit (LA/D) METHODOLOGYThe study required nurture regarding the past &038 present condition of different Bank in Bangladesh. Necessary data and development were gathered, secondary data, and annual report. a) Sources of Data The following sources had been used for the office the purpose of collecting data as required for this report Primary sources I) Observation, ii) private communication with course instructor Secondary Sources I) Annual and other classly reports of different Bank in Bangladesh ii) Various manuals (conditions of use guides) and brochures, iii) Service Rules &038 IV) non-homogeneous Publications.SCOPE The report is limited to the understanding of citation risk, nifty risk, liquidity risk analysis, and find out the key internetability ratio, and a com parative interpretation to that analysis. It was really difficult for me to gather all the necessary information because the managers were not cooperative at all. As a result, we have chosen the following nine banks based on the availability of information we add up. LIMITATIONS 1. As a student of business administration, analyzing of different sorts of risk and ratio is new(a) for me so it took some time to understand.Besides three months time is understaffed to prepare such a robust report. 2. It was very difficult to get the actual information from the annual report some of the information is not given the annual report. 3. Sufficient records, creationations were not available. The constraints narrowed the scope of real analysis. 4. Most of the time I have faced the problem with the annual report which is prepared before 2000. 5. Accounting practice is different for the different bank. 6. Credit WorthinessAt present, we do not have any reliance rating rating company in our country and information on the customer from the third fellowship is likewise not always reliable. Therefore, we subscribe to make our own scoring system. Since it will be a very difficult to prepare a standard scoring system to prize everybodys credit worthiness so we shall as well have top substantially depend on judgmental analysis to make last on every individual cases. Every individual case shall be unique and separate from others. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Bank Profitability Liquidity Risk Credit Risk Capital Risk capital of Bangladesh Bank just confused Low medium NCC Bank tall mellow Low Average subject area Bank Average Low Average High Al-Arafah Bank Average High High High eastern Bank High* Low Average Low City Bank High Low Average Average Uttara Bank High High Low Average Prime Bank High** Average Low Low Southeast Bank Average High Average Average TABLE Summery of Risk Categories Risk Type Definition colour Country Risk ( The risk that a counter party is unavailing to meet its ( Country risk is often confused with s everywhereeign risk, contrary currency obligations as a result of adverse which is the counter party credit risk of the g all overnment. economic conditions or actions taken by governments in the relevant country. ( Country Risk is too often referred to as depute risk or cross border risk. ( Country related events such as economic downturn, political dislodges devaluation etc. ill often have signifi flockt impact on the other risks that SCB must manage. Credit Risk ( The risk that a counter party will not get even its ( Assessing this risk requires an understanding of the obligations in accordance within agreed harm customers ability and willingness to pay but also its understanding of the risks it faces and how well it manages them e. g. environmental risks Liquidity Risk ( The isk that parentages will not be available to meet ( Includes the concern of immediate payment flow under business as liabilities as they fall over due(p) usual and stress conditions together with tantrum of targets for balance sheet ratios. Market Risk ( The risk of overtaking generated by adverse changes in the ( Does not complicate the risk of price movements in other price of assets or contracts currently held by the markets e. g. stocks and manages, property, commodities. company (this risk is also known as price risk). Does include basis risk. Capital Risk ( The risk that a bank capital might be undergone ( Equity Capital/ add up Assets has been ontogenyd but Purchased finances/ thorough Liabilities Business Risk ( The risk of failing to fall upon business targets due ( Includes findings on the markets we operate in, to inappropriate strategies, inadequate resources or products offered, and customers targeted and the terms and changes in the economic or competitive environment conditions of conducting business. Legal and Regulatory Risk ( The risk of non compliance with legal or regulatory ( Includes banking specific formula and regulations requirements. but also all applicable laws. In extreme cases could acquit to loss of banking license(s). Source Bank Management &038 Financial Services (6th Edition) Pages 161, 162, 164, 328, 472. macrocosm The overall objective of my project report is to clearly identify and presently discuss just about the performance analysis of different bank in Bangladesh. To nalyze the performance of different bank I have analyzed different ratio and provided some interpretation of them. I have taken a append nine bank to evaluate the performance of them. And try to make a comparison among all of the following. 1. Dhaka Bank Ltd 2. matterCredit Ltd. 3. NationalBank Ltd. 4. Al-Arafah Islami Bank Limited (Al-Arafah) 5. east BankLtd. 6. The CityBank Ltd. 7. Uttara Bank 8. Prime Bank Ltd. 9. South EastBank Ltd Customer satisfaction is one of the core objectives of different bank. Tak ing decision to provide credit facility to a corporate customer is not easy in this fast changing global environment oddly in Bangladesh.To smooth the whole process the work is divided. So, before qualification a decision the every necessary information should be cautiously analyzed by different departments and different volume who have gained expertness in their related field. Thus it helps both in making neutralize decision and smoothen the process to satisfy the customer need quickly. A bank is an organization that engages in the business of banking. Banks perform three functions 1. decease the instrument of payment through administering the checking account system. 2. Intermediate between depositors and borrowers by offering savings and time deposit- to depositors and providing all types of imparts to borrowers. 3.Provide a variety show of financial serve, encompassing fiduciary services, investiture banking and off-balance sheet risk taking. commercialisedized bank s are private profit seeking enterprises, balancing risk and travel by to their portfolio management with the goal of maximizing allotholder wealth. Share holders wealth depends on three factors 1. The volume of money flows resulting from portfolio decisions. 2. The timing of those cash flows 3. The risk and excitableness of the cash flows. Commercial banks face six risks 1. Credit or nonremittal risk 2. Interest-rate risk 3. Liquidity risk 4. Operational risk 5. Capital. Risk 6. Fraud risk The Modern definition of a bank is, An institution that provides all financial services (Source SCB Handbook) and the core activity of a bank is to collect money from the people who has surplus with them and lend those money to people who has deficit, known as credit facility. Customers sought different kind of credit facility from banks and the banks try to provide as many as they sewer within their limited scope. Every bank follows a predefined structured execution in providing credit fa cilities to their customers. BANKING INDUSTRY OVERVIEW The banking fabrication in Bangladesh is more than 600 geezerhood old. The first commercial bank was ANZ Grindlays Bank which opened in1905. The central bank of the country, Bangladesh Bank controls and monitors the banking industry.At present there are 52 commercial (nationalized, foreign and local) banks. Currently, the major financial institutions under the banking system include ? Bangladesh Bank ? Commercial Banks ? Islamic Banks ? Leasing Companies ? Finance Companies ? Merchant Banks Generally, the commercial banks and finance companies provide a myriad of banking products/services to cater to the needs of their customers. However, the Bangladeshi banking industry is characterized by the tight banking rules and regulation s set by the Bangladesh Bank. solely banks and financial institutions are gamyly governed and controlled under the Banking Companies Act-1993. The range of banking products and financial services is also limited in scope.All local banks must retain a 4% coin Reserve Requirement (CRR), which is non- delight bearing and a 16% Secondary Liquidity Requirement (SLR). With the liberalization of markets, competition among the banking products and financial services seems to be growing more intense each day. In addition, the banking products offered in Bangladesh are fairly homogeneous in nature due to the tight regulations imposed by the central bank. Competing through differentiation is progressively difficult and other banks quickly duplicate any innovative banking service. Bangladesh Bank Bangladesh Bank (BB) has been working as the central bank since the countrys independence.Its prime jobs include issuing of currency, husbanding foreign exchange reserve and providing transaction facilities of all public mo electronic exonerateworkary matters. BB is also responsible for planning the governments mo exculpateary policy and implementing it thereby. The BB has a governing body c omprising of nine members with the Governor as its chief. Apart from the enquiry office in Dhaka, it has nine more branches, of which two in Dhaka and one each in Chittagong, Rajshahi, Khulna, Bogra, Sylhet, Rangpur and Barisal. Nationalized Commercial Banks (NCBs) 1. Sunali Bank 2. Rupali bank 3.Janata Bank 4. Agrani Bank Private Commercial Banks (PCBs) 1. Pubali Bank 2. Uttara Bank 3. National Bank 4. The City Bank Ltd. 5. UnitedCommercialBank Ltd. 6. ArabBangladesh Bank Ltd. 7. IFIC BankLtd. 8.Eastern Bank Ltd. 9. National Credit &038 Comerce Bank Ltd. 10. Prime Bank Ltd. 11. South East bank Ltd. 12. Dhaka Bank Ltd 13. Dutch-BanglaBank Ltd. 14. Mercantile Bank Ltd. 15. StandardBank Ltd. 16. One BankLtd. 17. EXIM Bank 18. BangladeshCommerce Bank Ltd. 19. MutualTrust BankLtd. 20. First protective covering Bank Ltd. 21. The PremierBank Ltd. 22. Bank AsiaLtd. 23. The Trust Bank Ltd. 24. Brac Bank Ltd. Islamic Banks 1.Islami Bank Bangladesh Limited (IBBL) Al Baraka Bank Bangladesh Limited (AL-Baraka) Al-Arafah Islamic Bank Ltd. (Al-Arafah) Social Investment Bank Limited (SIBL) Faysal Islamic Bank of Bahrain EC (FIBB) 6. Shah Jalal Bank Limited (Based on Islamic Shariah) Foreign / transnational Banks 1. Habib Bank Ltd. 2.State Bank Of India 3. CreditAgricole Indosuez (The Bank) 4. NationalBank of Pakistan 5. MoslemCommercial Bank Ltd. 6. City Bank NA 7. Hanvit Bank Ltd. 8. HSBC Ltd. 9. Shamil IslamiBank Of Bahrain EC 10. Standard Chartered Bank Development Banks 1. BangladeshKrishi Bank 2. Rajshahi Krishi UnnayanBank 3. BangladeshShilpa Bank 4. BangladeshShilpa RinSangstha 5. Bank ofSmall Industries &038CommerceBangladesh Ltd. Other Banks 1. Ansar VDPUnnayanBank 2. BangladeshSamabaiBank Ltd. BSBL) 3. GrameenBank 4. KarmasansthanBank Credit Rating Status of Researching Banks Operating in Bangladesh SL. NO. Name of Bank Credit Rating Report Rating as of Name of the Agency Remarks Long status Short Term 01. Dhaka Bank Ltd - - 31. 12. 6 CRAB Expected to complete by May 07 02. NCC Bank Ltd - - - CRAB Expected to complete by May 07 03. National Bank Ltd A ST-2 31/12/06 CRAB - 04. Al-Arafah Islami - - 31. 12. 06 CRISL Expected to Bank Ltd complete 05. Eastern Bank Ltd A ST-3 30/06/06 CRISL - 06. The City Bank Ltd A- ST-3 31/12/06 CRISL - 07. Uttara Bank Ltd - - 31. 12. 6 CRISL Expected to complete by 30. 06. 07 08. Prime Bank Ltd AA ST-2 31/12/06 CRISL 09. South East Bank LtdA ST-3 22/06/06 CRAB CR report based on Dec06, Source Bangladesh Bank (www. bangladesh-bank. org) Chapter-2 Dhaka Bank Limited Key Profitability Ratios in Banking 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 pass by on Asset( ROA) 0. 015 0. 012 0. 013 0. 013 0. 014 Net interest allowance 0. 019 0. 021 0. 019 0. 022 0. 023 Net non-interest Margin 0. 024 0. 030 0. 022 0. 020 0. 019 Net Bank Operating Margin 0. 49 0. 243 0. 285 0. 282 0. 311 pic strike on Equity lessen on virtue capital is a measure of the rate of authorise flowing to the banks shareholder. It approximates the displace make headway that the shareholders have received from investing their capital in the bank. During the degree of 2001-2005 the middling regaining on the candor was 0. 274 which direction 27. 4%. unless if we liveliness at every individual yr we can hypothecate that it has decreased form by year. The ratio was decreased because of the bank has sum upd the fair-mindedness capital over the year and declared the bonus share as a dividend. Return on AssetsThe Return on the asset is primarily indication of managerial efficiency. It indicates how competently the management of the bank has been converting the institutions assets into net earning. From the above analysis we can see that during the catch of 2001-2005 the fair(a) ratio was 1. 3%. Return on assets has step-up over time. That representation the bank was able to incre ase the efficiency in managing asset from 2001-2005. Net Interest Margin The net interest borderline measures how pear-shaped a spread between interest revenues and interest equals. Management has been able to pass of close control over the banks earning assets and the pursuits of the cheapest source of funding.The clean net bank interest margin for Dhaka bank was 2. 1% during 2001-2005. By looking at the table we can dictate that it has increase period by period accept 2003, which indicates a good guide for the Bank. Net Non Interest Margin The non-interest margin measures the tote up of non interest revenue blow from deposits charges and other service fees the bank has been able to collect relative to the get along of non interest cost incurred (including salaries and wages, repair and sustainment cost on bank facilities and impart loss expense). The net non interest margin was 2. 30% during the period of 2001-2005. It has decline over the periods accept 2001.The incom e from the non interest source, like Treasury bill, relegating on brokerage, and commission from the letter of credit has been declined over the historic period. Earning Per Share 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Earning Per Share 41. 255 42. 635 39. 024 46. 894 53. 864 pic Earning per share measures the earning against per share. During the period 2001-2005, the honest earning per share was Tk 44. 73. Though it is not so attractive figure for Dhaka Bank, but positive fact is it has increased over times. Breaking level OF ROE 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Banks degree of asset economic consumption 0. 043 0. 050 0. 045 0. 045 0. 045 The banks law multiplier factor factor 29. 02 21. 33 17. 20 18. 94 14. 92 Net Profit Margin Net profit margin has fluctuated over time. barely if we look at the middling which was 29. 39% with the past five years, we can vocalize that last five years net profit margin was better. Banks Degree of Assets recitation Banks Degree of Assets practice was 4. 5% during 2001-2005 which was not bad as compare to other banks. Equity multiplier picDuring the period of 2001-2005 the average impartiality multiplier was 20. 283. By the blondness multiplier ratio we can say that it is highest in 2001 which was 09. 02%. that office the risk of the visitation was also highest for that period. As the risk was higher, we can say that the banks profit margin also was higher for that period. Liquidity Risk 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 bills and out-of-pocket from Banks/ keep down Assets 0. 152 0. 122 0. 093 0. 071 0. 079 Cash and disposal Securities/ numerate Assets 0. 062 0. 076 0. 98 0. 137 0. 155 pic Purchased cash in hand/ extreme Assets If the use of purchased is more that increases the chance of liquidity resound in the event of withdrawals rises or the impartword step declines. During 2001-2005, as the average ratio was 1. 44%, we can say that the liquidity risk for the bank is bring down for the Bank. Cash and Government Securit ies/ fare Assets Cash and Government securities was 10. 54% of the summarize assets on an average which was not so much good for the Bank because cash and government securities are the most liquid assets for a bank. So bank may face liquidity problem in the future. Credit Risk 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 extreme Loans/ summate Deposits 0. 56 0. 67 0. 70 0. 74 0. 82 pic Provision for Loan Losses/ primitive Loans Provision for Loan Losses/ full(a) Loans indicates the heart and soul which should be kept as proviso for loan losses from the entirety loan. During the period (2001-2005) the average come in of purvey for the loan loses was 0. 6%. This indicates a very good signal for the bank. That means Banks credit risk is very low because the bank has been able to collect the loan very efficiently. entire Loans/ wide-cut Deposits Total Loans/Total Deposits indicates the summation loan heart that goes from the total deposit.During (2001-2005), on an average 68. 86% of the total deposit distribute as loan. This indicates they have distributed a big portion of their deposited nub as loan. That is some what risky but as their formulation for loan losses was very low they will have no problems with this. Capital Risk 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Purchased silver/Total Liabilities 0. 016 0. 011 0. 012 0. 012 0. 025 pic Equity Capital/Total Assets Equity Capital/Total Assets indicates that the count of equity capital invested in the total assets.During the period of 2001-2005 their equity capital was on an average 5. 20% of their total assets, which indicates they have financed very few of their investment by equity and it is gradually increased over the period. Purchased Funds/Total Liabilities Purchased Funds/Total Liabilities indicates that the center of non deposit obligation in the total liability structure. If the purchased fund increases that means the capital risk are also increases. During the period of 2001-2005 1. 52% of the liability was financ ed by the purchased fund that means non deposit sources which is not the core area of the business. That means the capital risk for the bank is low for the Bank. Chapter-3 NCC Bank Limited Key Profitability Ratios In Banking 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Return on Asset( ROA) 0. 014 0. 011 0. 044 0. 013 0. 013 Net interest Margin 0. 024 0. 024 0. 232 0. 020 0. 023 Net non-interest Margin 0. 028 0. 027 0. 195 0. 032 0. 346 Net Bank Operating Margin 0. 280 0. 230 0. 080 0. 255 0. 240 pic Return on EquityReturn on equity capital is a measure of the rate of go down flowing to the banks shareholder. It approximates the net benefit that the shareholders have received from investing their capital in the bank. During the period of 2001-2005 the average return on the equity was to 19. 6%. If we compare it to the Dhaka Bank we can say that it is not good. The ratio was low because the bank has increased the equity capital over the year and declared the bonus share as a dividend. Return on Assets The Return on the asset is primarily indicator of managerial efficiency. It indicates how proficiently the management of the bank has been converting the institutions assets into net earning.From the above analysis we can see that for the period of 2001-2005 the average ratio was 1. 9%. which was some what better than Dhaka Bank. That means the bank was able to increase the efficiency in managing asset from 2001-2005. Net Interest Margin The net interest margin measures how large a spread between interest revenues and interest costs. Management has been able to achieve of close control over the banks earning assets and the pursuits of the cheapest source of funding. The net bank interest margin for Dhaka bank was 2. 1% during the year of 2001-2005. But the net margin of NCC Bank was 6. 46%. that means the banks was able to increase the cheapest source of funding from 2001-2005. Net Non Interest MarginThe non-interest margin measures the amount of non interest revenue streami ng from deposits charges and other service fees the bank has been able to collect relative to the amount of non interest cost incurred (including salaries and wages, repair and fear cost on bank facilities and loan loss expense). The average net non interest margin was 12. 5% during the period of 2001-2005. That means the bank was able to collect more income from the non interest source and it has increases over time. They have been able to generate more income from the non interest source like Treasury bill, commission on brokerage, and commission from the letter of credit. Earning Per Share 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 wages Per Share 54. 14 44. 47 30. 99 46. 91 36. 11 pic Earning per share measures the earning against per share. During the period of 2001-2005, the average earning per share was Tk 42. 524. Their earning per share has reduced over time and if we compare with other bank we can say that it is not sufficient. Breaking Down of ROE 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Banks degre e of asset utilization 0. 052 0. 50 0. 544 0. 052 0. 056 The banks equity multiplier 16. 91 20. 33 1. 92 17. 46 14. 04 Net Profit Margin During 2001-2005 the average the net bank operating margin was 21. 7%. If we look at the individual data it is not good because it has fluctuated over time. Banks Degree of Assets Utilization They have acquire 15. 08% operating revenue in 2001-2005 by utilise their total assets. Over the period it was consistent accept 2003. Equity multiplier factor pic During the period of 2001-2005, the average equity multiplier was 14. 32.By the equity multiplier ratio we can say that it is substantially higher, that means the risk of the failure is also high for the period. As the risk is higher so the banks profit margin is also higher. Liquidity risk 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Cash and Due from Banks/Total Assets 0. 158 0. 067 0. 499 0. 042 0. 052 Cash and Government Securities/Total Assets 0. 100 0. 148 0. 166 0. 208 0. 110 pic Purchased Funds/Total A ssetsIf the use of purchased funds are more that increases the chance of liquidity crunch in the event of withdrawals rises or the loan quality declines. During the period of 2001-2005, as the average ratio was 1. 44%, we can say that the liquidity risk for the bank was low. Cash and Government Securities/Total Assets Average Cash and Government Securities/Total Assets in 2001-2005 was 44. 48%. The total assets have come from the cash and government securities. Credit Risk 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Provision for Loan Losses/Total Loans 0. 02 0. 02 0. 2 0. 02 0. 02 Total Loans/Total Deposits 0. 84 0. 82 0. 81 0. 89 0. 96 pic Provision for Loan Losses/Total Loans Provision for Loan Losses/Total Loans indicates the amount which should be kept as grooming for loan losses from the total loan. During the period of 2001-2005 the average amount of provision for the loan loss was 1. 9% of the total loans. As the provision for the loan loss was very low, we can say that the credit risk fo r the bank was abase for the Bank and the bank has been able to collect the loan more efficiently. Total Loans/Total DepositsTotal Loans/Total Deposits indicates the total loan amount that goes from the total deposit. If we look at the graph we will see that the Total loan/Total Deposits gradually has increased over time. That means the Bank has increased the loan as well as credit risk. But historical data say that their loan collection is pretty impressive. On an average they have distributed 86. 19% of their deposits as loan. Capital Risk 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Purchased Funds/Total Liabilities 0. 037 0. 048 0. 057 0. 048 0. 818 pic Equity Capital/Total AssetsEquity Capital/Total Assets indicates that the amount of equity capital invested in the total assets. During the period of 2001-2005, on an average 15. 17% total asset was financed by the equity. If we think about the risk of the Bank, it is high. Because a huge amount of money they have financed by debt equity. Purcha sed Funds/Total Liabilities Purchased Funds/Total Liabilities indicates that the amount of non deposit liability in the total liability structure. If the purchased fund increases that means the capital risk are also increases. During the period of 2001-2005, 20. 16% of the liability was financed by the purchased fund that means non deposit sources which is not the core area of the business.Chapter-4 National Bank Key Profitability Ratios In Banking 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Return on Asset( ROA) 0. 006 0. 003 0. 002 0. 004 0. 005 Net interest Margin 0. 012 0. 011 0. 011 0. 012 0. 011 Net non-interest Margin 0. 025 0. 026 0. 27 0. 029 0. 031 Net Bank Operating Margin 0. 224 0. 083 0. 048 0. 087 0. 118 pic Return on Equity Return on equity capital is a measure of the rate of return flowing to the banks shareholder. It approximates the net benefit that the shareholders have received from investing their capital in the bank. During the period of 2001-2005 the average return on the equity was 10. 1%. The ratio was not attractive because of the bank has increased the equity capital over the year and declared the bonus share as a dividend. The Return on AssetsThe Return on the asset is primarily indicator of managerial efficiency. It indicates how capably the management of the bank has been converting the institutions assets into net earning. From the above analysis we can say that during the period of 2001-2005 the average ratio 0. 4%. It is not so attractive. The bank was not able to increase the efficiency in managing asset from 2001 to 2005. The net interest Margin The net interest margin measures how large a spread between interest revenues and interest costs. Management has been able to achieve of close control over the banks earning assets and the pursuits of the cheapest source of funding.The net bank interest margin for Dhaka bank was 12% during 2001-2005. But the average net interest margin for National bank was 1. 14%. That means the banks was able t o increase the cheapest source of funding from 2001 to 2005 but that is not substantial for the bank. The Non-interest Margin The non-interest margin measures the amount of non interest revenue streaming from deposits charges and other service fees the bank has been able to collect relative to the amount of non interest cost incurred (including salaries and wages, repair and maintenance cost on bank facilities and loan loss expense). The average net non interest margin was 2. 8% for 2001-2005.Though it has increased over period, they were not able to generate more income from the non interest source like Treasury bill, commission on brokerage, and commission from the letter of credit. The performance of the bank is stable over the years. Earning Per Share 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Earnings Per Share 63. 78 33. 98 33. 09 27. 44 43. 85 pic Earning per share measures the earning against per share. During the period of 2001-2005, the average earning per share was Tk 40. 420. Their ear ning per share has reduced over time and if we compare with other bank we can say that it is not sufficient.In the cases of National Bank if we look after the key profitability ratio then we can say that return on equity capital(ROE), and non interest margin, Return on asset (ROA) Net Bank Operating Margin, and Earning per share, ratio has been decreased for the period of 2001-2005. But, solitary(prenominal) the net bank operating margin has been increased. Return on equity capital (ROE) has been decreases because the bank has increased the equity capital for the years and given the bonus share as a dividend so the amount of equity increases during the period of 2001-2005. The earning per share also has been decreased for the period of 2001-2005. Breaking Down of ROE 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Banks degree of asset utilization 0. 025 0. 038 0. 038 0. 041 0. 042 The banks equity multiplier 30. 99 28. 07 28. 18 25. 79 20. 13 The net bank operating Margin During the period of 2001-2 005 the average the net bank operating margin was 11. 18% of the total assets. It was not stable over the period which is not a good sign for the bank. Bank Degree of Assets Utilization Banks degree of the asset utilization has been increased during the period of 2001-2005.So return of asset has been also decreased for the same period. Net profit margin has been decreased substantially because the ratio of the equity multiplier was higher. Equity multiplier factor During the period of 2001-2005 the average equity multiplier was 26. 63. By the equity multiplier ratio we can say that it has substantially reduced over time, which means the risk of the failure has gradually increased over time. pic Liquidity Risk 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Cash and Due from Banks/Total Assets 0. 043 0. 053 0. 054 0. 054 0. 55 Cash and Government Securities/Total Assets 0. 060 0. 088 0. 087 0. 068 0. 038 pic Purchased Funds/Total Assets Purchased Funds/Total Assets if the use of purchased more that in creases the chance of liquidity crunch in the event of withdrawals rises or the loan quality declines. During the period of 2001-2005 the average ratio for the bank was 3. 12%. We can say that the liquidity risk for the bank was not very high also stable by the year Cash and Government Securities/Total Assets Cash and Government Securities/Total Assets in 2001-2005 was 6. 82% of the total assets which has come from the cash and government security.Banks/Total Assets and Cash and Government Securities/Total Assets are also remains almost same for over the period so the liquidity risk for the bank has been remains low and same for the period. Credit Risk 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Total Loans/Total Deposits 0. 84 0. 82 0. 81 0. 89 0. 96 pic Provision for Loan Losses/Total Loans Provision for Loan Losses/Total Loans indicates the amount which should be kept as provision for loan losses from the total loan. During the period of 2001-2005 the average amount of provision for the loan los s was 2. 09%. That means nevertheless 2. 09% of the funds were in risk to be uncollected.As the provision for the loan losses was low, we can say that the credit risk for the bank was not very high for the recent period. Total Loans/Total Deposits Total Loans/Total Deposits indicates the total loan amount that goes from the total deposit. During 2001-2005 on an average 81. 11% of the total deposit they have distributed as loan. This is a very big portion and indicating a great change of credit risk for the bank. Capital Risk 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Purchased Funds/Total Liabilities 0. 617 0. 042 0. 033 0. 037 0. 591 pic Equity Capital/Total AssetsEquity Capital/Total Assets indicates that the amount of equity capital invested in the total assets. During the period of 2001-2005 on an average 3. 83% of the total asset was financed by the equity. That is indicating a very bad signal for the bank. Because they mostly they have financed their investment by debt capital which was ve ry risky. Purchased Funds/Total Liabilities Purchased Funds/Total Liabilities indicates that the amount of non deposit liability in the total liability structure. If the purchased fund increases that means the capital risk are also increases. During the period of 2001-2005 the ratio was drastically high for 2001 and 2005 and average ratio was 26. 39%.That means the capital risk for the bank was high for the bank. Chapter-5 Al Arafah Islami Bank Limited Key Profitability Ratios In Banking 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Return on Asset( ROA) 0. 002 0. 006 0. 012 0. 012 0. 017 Net interest Margin 0. 015 0. 026 0. 030 0. 030 0. 38 Net non-interest Margin 0. 017 0. 015 0. 018 0. 018 0. 022 Net Bank Operating Margin 0. 067 0. 141 0. 242 0. 252 0. 292 pic Return on Equity Return on equity capital is a measure of the rate of return flowing to the banks shareholder. It approximates the net benefit that the shareholders have received from investing their capital in the bank. During the per iod of 2001-2005 the average return on the equity was 14. 5% which was not attractive, but the good signal is that it has increased over time.Return on Assets The Return on the asset is primarily indicator of managerial efficiency. It indicates how capably the management of the bank has been converting the institutions assets into net earning. From the above analysis we can say that during the period of 2001-2005 the return on asset was only 1. 00%. That means the bank was able to increase the efficiency in managing asset from 2001 to 2005. Net Interest margin The net interest margin measures how large a spread between interest revenues and interest costs. Management has been able to achieve of close control over the banks earning assets and the pursuits of the cheapest source of funding.The average net bank interest margin for the bank was 2. 78% during the period of 2001-2005 which is also not so attractive. Non-interest Margin The non-interest margin measures the amount of non in terest revenue streaming from deposits charges and other service fees the bank has been able to collect relative to the amount of non interest cost incurred (including salaries and wages, repair and maintenance cost on bank facilities and loan loss expense). The net non interest margin was 1. 8% in 2001-2005. They wasnt been able to generate more income from the non interest source like Treasury bill, commission on brokerage, and commission from the letter of credit. Earning Per Share 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Earnings Per Share 101. 43 312. 420 251. 1 263. 67 387. 8 pic Earning per share measures the earning against per share. During the period of 2001-2005, the earning per share was Tk 263. 18. If we compare with other bank we will see that their earning per share was very good. Breaking Down of ROE 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Banks degree of asset utilization 0. 32 0. 041 0. 048 0. 048 0. 059 The banks equity multiplier 24. 968 21. 447 14. 754 13. 449 12. 564 pic The Net Bank Operating Margin During the period of 2001-2005 the average the net bank operating margin was 19. 87%. If we compare with other banks it was good. Another important thing is that it has increased over time. Degree of Operating Margin On an average they have earned 4. 55% operating revenue during the period of 2001-2005 by using total asset. It was not so good. This indicates that they ware unable to utilize their assets.Equity Multiplier During the period of 2001-2005 the equity multiplier was 17. 467. By analyzing the equity multiplier ratio we can say that it is substantially higher, that means the risk of the failure is also high for the period of 2001-2005. As the risk is higher so the banks profit margin is also higher. Liquidity Risk 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Cash and Due from Banks/Total Assets 0. 080 0. 090 0. 089 0. 093 0. 201 pic Purchased Funds/Total AssetsPurchased Funds/Total Assets if the use of purchased more that increases the chance of liquidity crunch in the even t of withdrawals rises or the loan quality declines. During the period of 2001-2005 the average ratio was 7. 4%. Because of lower percentage we can say that the liquidity risk for the bank is also lower for the bank. Cash and Due from Banks/Total Assets During the period of 2001-2005 on an average the bank had only 7. 42% cash and due from bank against their total assets. This indicates a very bad signal for the bank. Liquidity risk for the bank was very high for that period. Credit Risk 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Provision for Loan Losses/Total Loans 0. 16 0. 033 0. 024 0. 048 0. 011 pic Total Loans/Total Deposits Total Loans/Total Deposits indicates the total loan amount that goes from the total deposit. During the period of 2001-2005, 84. 13% of the total deposit distribute as loan. They have distributed a big portion of their deposits as loan it could increase credit risk for the bank. Provision for Loan Losses/Total Loans Provision for Loan Losses/Total Loans indicates the amo unt which should be kept as provision for loan losses from the total loan. During the period of 2001-2005 the average amount of provision for the loan loss was 2. 4%. As the provision for the loan losses was lower so we can say that the credit risk for the bank was also lower for the bank in that period, and the bank has been able to collect the loan more efficiently. Capital Risk 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Purchased Funds/Total Liabilities 0. 050 0. 056 0. 059 0. 117 0. 114 pic Equity Capital/Total Assets Equity Capital/Total Assets indicates that the amount of equity capital invested in the total assets.During the period of 2001-2005, on an average 6. 17% of the total asset was financed by the equity and it is gradually increased over the year and for the period. Purchased Funds/Total Liabilities Purchased Funds/Total Liabilities indicates that the amount of non deposit liability in the total liability structure. If the purchased fund increases that means the capital risk are al so increases. During the period of 2001-2005 they were able to maintain the ratio within 8. 00%. That means the capital risk for the bank was lower for the period. Though the bank is able to reduce the non-deposit source of funding but still they are exposed to a higher capital risk. Chapter-6 Eastern Bank Limited Key Profitability Ratios In Banking 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Return on Asset( ROA) 0. 02 0. 02 0. 02 0. 02 0. 02 Net interest Margin 0. 03 0. 03 0. 02 0. 03 0. 03 Net non-interest Margin 0. 02 0. 02 0. 03 0. 03 0. 03 Net Bank Operating Margin 0. 16 0. 19 0. 18 0. 22 0. 18 picReturn on Equity Return on equity capital is a measure of the rate of return flowing to the banks shareholder. It approximates the net benefit that the shareholders have received from investing their capital in the bank. During the period of 2001-2005 the average return on the equity was 17. 2%. The ratio was stable over the period. The bank has able to maintain the stability of income. Return on Assets The Return on the asset is primarily indicator of managerial efficiency. It indicates how capably the management of the bank has been converting the institutions assets into net earning. During the period of 2001-2005 the average ratio was 2. 00%.It was not so attractive but good thing