Gender Inequality in the Nursing Profession

Gender Inequality in the Nursing concernOver the quondam(prenominal) ten years, the handicraft of treat has seen an increase to the number of mannish imbibes (Cite). disdain this fact, manpower restrained comprise the minority within the treat craft both in Canada and the get together States, in fact, c argon for corpse star of the most fe mannish-dominated origins. To most individuals, this seems an appropriate if not a inherent occurrent as wo custody ar much natur entirelyy suited to the concern (Cite). galore(postnominal) factors contri neverthelesse to this bias however, a review of the history of this pheno custodyon has awardn that the first nurses were real workforce as opposed to wo workforce (Cite). Ironically, wo hands provoke made enormous strides into antecedently masculine-dominated affairs, while the move custodyt of men in treat has been quite the polar (MacPhail, 1996). Ideas of appropriate behavior according to turn onual urge vary among cultures and eras by and large collect to what familiarity deems appropriate. In the recent past we hasten seen this concept adapt to the changing needs of our communities by dint of the support of the movement of women into mannish-dominated professions. While this remains a laudable achievement, virtually no support has been leave alonen to men to break into professions dominated by women, such(prenominal) as nurse (Cite). supposed PerspectivesHistorically, breast feeding is considered a single- awaken concern, identified as a contribution that is inherently natural to the effeminate gender. Thus, it has become identified as a profession deeply embedded in the gender-based power relations of companionship. Nursing is an occupation established by women it supports the stereotypical feminine theatrical bureau with traits of nurturing, compassionate, and gentleness in contrast to masculine characteristics of strength, aggression, and dominance (Evans, 2002). Fo r this reason, occupations requiring these qualities commit been considered exclusively suited to women, and denominate womens work.However, the art and science of breast feeding has not always been a preponderantly fe virile profession (Evans, 2004). Men have played a plethoric bureau in organized treat dating back to 330 A.D. in the Byzantine Empire. During this era, hospitals were one of the major institutions where nurse emerged as a break in occupation, primarily for men. to a greater extentoer, military, religious, and lay grades of men known as nurses have a long history of caring for the sick and injured during the Crusades in the llth blow (MacPhail, 1996). In the United States, men served as nurses during the Civil War. John Simon, the lesser-known cope with of Florence Nightingale, was the founder of an experimental field hospital in Ger more during the Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871). young-begetting(prenominal) nurses were hired to staff the hospital, and mo rtality rates among the troops were kept abnormally low (Evans, 2004). Unfortunately, men were not possessed readily in care for schools for many years. Interestingly, in 1888, Darius Odgen Mills established the first male nursing school in America, based at Bellevue Hospital in innovative York City. This school of nursing provided education and training for nurses to c be for psychiatric patients. However, it appears that this mens office to nursing has been forgotten. This nonrecognition has likewise perpetuated the feminine image of nursing in beau monde and the perception of the male nurse as an anomalyGenerally, nursing as we know it like a shot came to be regarded as a womans profession by dint of the efforts initiated and developed by Florence Nightingale during the 19th century. She saw nursing as suitable for women because it was an extension of their domestic role. It was assumed that it was natural for women to become nurses because of their born(p) c atomic number 18giving and healing traits nursing was not a place for men. At that time, more(prenominal) and more women entered the profession of nursing. Nightingales image of the nurse as subordinate, nurturing, domestic, humble, and self-sacrificing, as puff up as not too educated, became prevalent in society. The ostracization of men in nursing was established.Factors Contributing to Gender Inequality in the Nursing ProfessionAccording to several(prenominal) authors, one major barrier that whitethorn dissuade men from debut the profession is nursings traditional image. Nursings image perpetuates cultural understandings and cordial attitudes close occupations appropriate for men and women. As such, nursing remains stereotype as a womanish occupation. After all, gender-role socialization patterns in society provide examples of ways in which boys and girls atomic number 18 exposed to different role models and different me sages rough what is appropriate to each gender. Society has presented men with voiceless stereotypical boundaries concerning masculine or feminine behavior. Men who choose nursing as a locomote risk challenging traditional gender-defined roles and stereotypes (Evans, 2002 Nelson Belcher, 2006).These stereotypes-enhanced by social, political, and frugal systems-often lead to discrimination for men choosing flights outside their gender. Males appear to fiddle more negative criticism from the public on entering female-identified occupations. For example, they ar held suspect and penalized for role violation. Furthermore, these traditionally female jobs are perceived by society as a step down in term (Williams, 1992). Accordingly, these beliefs deter men from pursuing nontraditional careers.It is troublesome for some to accept the image of men as caring, compassionate, and gentle. Men wanting to enter the female-identified occupation challenge societys stereotypical image of nursing. Some scholars have argued that caring and nurturing traits are not exclusive to women.These traits, however, are not inherent in the biologic and social nature of the sexes, but are cultural constructs beef up by the social activities associated with being male or female. Evans (2004) maintains that gender and politics have influenced how the responsibility for caring activities has been settled exclusively on women. Actually, this appropriation has influenced how the breakdown of labor is postulated along gender lines, meaning that occupations are socially or culturally defined through constructions of gender.Thus, because ones identity is linked to the sex/gender system in society, it is difficult to rethink the concept of masculinity. As such, men in or aspiring to female-dominated professions are evaluated less positively by society than their female colleagues in male-dominated occupations (Williams, 1992). These views restrict career preference and bugger off societal stereotypes, inhibiting men from entering the nursing profession.Nursing ImagesThe traditional image of the nurse has been supported through the use of symbols such as the angel, battle-ax, sex symbol, or doctors handm economic aiden, and, most notably, nurses as women. These images, based on female attributes and prys, have been used by interpersonal and mass communication, reinforcing the stereotypes of nurses as women. These behaviors and attitudes are merely strengthened by the exclusion of men in any recruitment and advanceal materials depicting the profession of nursing.Evans (2004) argues for a shift away from the womanish traits associated with the old Nightingale image of the nurse, the basis for the feminine stereotype of nursing that is still evident today. When the nurse is a man, societal images of the caregiver role are not associated with the gender. For example, Williams (1995) conducted in-depth interviews with 32 men employed in nursing. one and only(a) nurse reported that a teacher at a day-care bone marrow t old his daughter that her father could not be a nurse, and insisted that he must(prenominal) be a doctor. Thus, nursing has been socially constructed as an occupation requiring gender traits that are associated with feminine, regardless of the sex of its individual members.In a reading of 126 male high school students using a career questionnaire, Barkley and Kohler (1992) investigated opinions nearly nursing. The teenagers surveyed held a positive view of men in nursing. Seventy-three share rejected the idea that only women should be nurses, and 77% thought that male nurses are not wimps. Evans (2002) surveyed 25 male nurses to investigate the perceptions of being a male nurse. The most prevalent negative factor identified was sex stereotyping endinging from the general perception that nursing is a female profession. According to Kleinman (2004), speech and images are dominant forces, which may have the effect of marginalizing any group. Subsequently, for centuries men in nu rsing have been excluded from the language and image of nursing, therefore from its history. As such, he believes nursing practice has been sexualized. It could be argued that the label of nursing as womens work is a significant deterrent that inhibits recruitment of men into the profession and aids promotion of the sex imbalance in the nursing workforce. Because of their gender, male nurses have been prohibited from working in specific clinical areas, such as maternal/infant child care. These beliefs have been supported by court decisions however, there are no restrictions on the practice of female nurses with male patients. These attitudes tend to succor sexism in the profession, affecting the recruitment of men.Williams (1992) claims that cultural barriers are more pronounced in the medias representation of mens occupations. She contends that women in traditionally male professions have achieved acceptance on popular television programs. Today, women are saluteed as doctors, law yers, and architects, but where are the male nurses, teachers, and secretaries? These beliefs are reinforced by language used in nursing. Women in nursing are simply nurses, not female nurses however, men in nursing are frequently identified as male nurses. These images, perceptions, and language influence societal views of the nurse. This, too, leads to the marginalization of men nurses and fortification of negative stereotypes.Kleinman (2004) stated that the work belongs to incomplete sex. By excluding males, such messages constitute a critical barrier to men considering nursing as a career. This fact is reflected in the invisibility of men in the profession. This is demonstrated in the example of a 1997 photo own called Nurses at the Bedside in the American Journal of Nursing. Of the 15 pictures of the nurse caring and working with clients, none shows a man. This assessment substantiates the invisibility of mens contributions and visibility in the profession. Moreover, such fin dings nourish societys stereotypical image of nursing as a feminine occupation, negatively affecting recruitment of men into the profession. According to Evans (2002), The intrust for salmagundi lies in challenging and transforming hegemonic notions of masculinity and femininity (p. 230).Sex-Related StereotypesAn separate unremarkably held stereotype concerning men who choose nursing as a career is that they are effeminate or gay (Williams, 1995). According to Williams, it is assumed by society that in order to be a nurse, female attributes such as a capacity to serve, empathize, and nurture are mandatory. Hence, men who nurse must be feminine and are regarded as gay. Although there are a number of gay men in the profession, this stereotype forms a major obstacle to many heterosexual men who capability other than consider pursuing a career in nursing (Nelson Belcher, 2006 Trossman, 2003).Williams (1992) in any case suggests that the stigma associated with homophile(prenominal )ity leads some men to enhance or lose ones temper their masculine qualities. Using focus groups, Williams (1995) investigated the experience of being a male student nurse. All participants reported that nursing is viewed as a womens profession, and several stated a fear of being perceived as sissy by their peers or by clients. These beliefs fostered among the men a view that the profession is a threat to their masculinity. Subsequently, these men tangle a need to show their wedding ring or to mention their wife and children in order to acknowledge their heterosexuality. In addition, the labeling of male nurses as effeminate or homosexual can be interpreted as a social agree mechanism that redefines nursing as womans work. This signifies that male nurses are different from other men. Consequently, as a result of these attitudes and perceptions, one can understand why nursing remains an occupation low on career choice for males.Economic Factors some other factor suggested as cont ributing to mens underrepresentation in nursing is the low economic billet, pay, and value given to nursing in comparability to male occupations (Kleinman, 2004). Overall, social and economic inducements for women to enter male-dominated professions are lacking for men who may contemplate careers in female-dominated areas. Moreover, he believes that current cutbacks in health care funding may deter some men who might other have considered a nursing career.Historically, nursing is considered to be a natural extension of a womans role in society. As a result of this notion, it is considered a low-value occupation (Williams, 1992). It is well up known that the average income of men is well above that of women. Accordingly, these findings support the view that jobs customarily held by women are devalued. Williams (1995) argues that the economic value of other major disciplines and that of nurses reinforces the limited value attached to the role of the nurse. Consequently, the separat ion, isolation, and labeling of certain roles as womens or mens roles in both traditional and modernistic society reflect the patriarchal social structure.Barkley and Kohler (1992) administered a career questionnaire to 126 male high school students, grades 9 to 12. Findings indicated that most rejected nursing as a future career because of their beliefs about nurs economic status. Sixty-two part of the subjects surveyed did not think that nurses made high salaries, and 46% believed that nurses do not get paid well. These researchers concluded that in order for nursing to postulate financially with other male-dominated professions, salary discrepancies need to be changed. In ill will of changes in nursing education today, in practice, social attitudes valuing mens work over womens work are still apparent (Kleinman, 2004). Traditionally, the female role has a lower value in society, thus the importance of a nurses value is not reflected by economic rewards. These resilient attitu des have been reinforced through gender socialization, leading to less status and power for nurses within society.In a similar study, using in-depth interviews, Williams (1992) examined the barriers to mens entry into three female-dominated professions social work, nursing, and teaching. Participants felt they were all underpaid relative to comparable male occupations. Moreover, several of the respondents suggested that instituting a comparable-worth insurance might attract more men to these professions. Even so, nursing is still recognized as a female profession, and, in general, womens roles in society continue to be less valued as reflected in social status and financial compensation.Strategies to Promote EqualityHow would nursing look today if it had remained a male-dominated profession? Would nursing enjoy greater prestige, power and status than it receives today? How would nursing practice and education differ? Would there have been a revolution in the profession as more and m ore females entered nursing, as they have in other traditionally male-dominated professions?Strategies to Recruit More Men to the Profession Currently, the realities of healthcare cutbacks have had a negative blow on the nursing profession. As a result, nursing education programs are attracting fewer students. Admission levels are now lower than they have been in decades (Trossman, 2003). These facts may provide an luck to recruit an available reservoir of male applicants into the profession. such recruitment efforts may lead to increasing support and enrolment of men in the profession. Under winning these endeavors might help eliminate the societal barriers and perceptions of nursing as a sex-typed occupation.Presently, several plurality in Canada and the United States are predicting that a nursing shortage is looming. Both countries could face a registered nursing shortage by the year 2011. Since the profession is still largely female dominated, it is recruiting almost exclus ively from one half of the population. Likewise, because of falling birthrates, ageing workforce, and shrinking recruitment pools, the nursing pool is not renewing itself at a sufficient rate. Furthermore, enrollment in baccalaureate programs has been declining for several years. It is suggested that this may be due to students reluctance to enroll because of hospital right-sizing and healthcare cutbacks.Meanwhile, many women are not considering nursing as a career, opting to pursue nontraditional careers. Other professions such as medicine, dentistry, and pharmacy have seen a quiet growth in gender equality nursing has not been so fortunate. The tendency to consider nursing as a single-sex occupation has to end. energetic recruitment of young males in high schools and colleges may be a new means of addressing nursing shortages. They provide an untapped pool of nursing school applicants (Trossman, 2003). Because nurses enter a profession, which naturally maintains and reflects soci etys sex stereotypes, it is important that strategies blast both the myths and barriers (Kleinman, 2004). Accordingly, general acceptance of nursing as a workable career for men strikes input and promotion by nurse educators, administrators, professionals associations, unions, and government. selling nursing to men requires a concentrated effort by all interested stakeholders to break down the socially constructed, stereotypical myths and barriers to help change the perception of nursing as a sex-typed occupation. Thus, nursing schools, professional associations, and governments must reach out to the schools in the community. Here they have an excellent opportunity to educate all students about nursing as a career choice. One endeavor to set up the public image is the development and promotion of career education materials that promote sex equity. This information can be supplied to children and adolescents in schools, providing them an opportunity to acquire a realistic understa nding of the nursing profession.School counsellors influence career choice however, information provided by counselors to students about nursing is limited and often inaccurate. Research has found that counselors experience misconceptions about nursing (Barkley Kohler, 1992). Thus, they are not likely to advise academically sure-footed male and female students to pursue a career in nursing. For this reason, a re-education of high school counselors about the nursing profession is important in aiding recruitment of future nurses of both genders. Nursing associations could target school counselors individually, give presentations, and mark the positive aspects of the profession for both male and female students. Such attempts will produce a population of wellinformed high school counselors to aid recruitment of future nurses (Nelson Belcher, 2006).Studies have shown that nursing schools have shunned men by paying little attention to targeting and retaining men as a source of nursin g school applicants (MacPhail, 1996). Consequently, campaigns to recruit male high school and college students into nursing programs must become a priority. Schools of nursing should employ higher come of male nursing faculty to be role models for male nursing students.Nurses and nursing organizations must wage an effective public media campaign to correct the image and the publics perception of the nurse. Furthermore, hospitals, nursing schools, and other health agencies need to portray men in the role of nurse in their publicity materials. Recruitment, promotional advertisement posters, and brochures should not portray only the female image of the nurse.Another endeavor is the monitoring of the media for sexist images of the nurse, eliminating sexist language from nursing journals, texts, nursing conferences, and other personal communications (MacPhail, 1996 Kleinman, 2004). Elimination of sexist language and images of nurses might help change the deeply entrenched societal stere otypes about nursing.Recruiters should emphasize the positive aspects of nursing in all media communications to the public. Most important, involving male nursing students in recruitment efforts and making them visible in recruitment materials and publications may increase mens representation in the profession. However, the active recruitment of men into nursing should not be viewed as a panacea. Other recruiting strategies would be to encourage professional journals and other literature to portray men nurses in their advertising. Finally, an improvement of pay scales might help make nursing a more attractive occupation for both genders. This would involve the cooperation of nurses, government, and nursing unions through collective bargaining.Although the literature has identified a long history of men in nursing, their contribution has not been recognized. Nursing is still seen as a role that is inherently natural to females. Many factors have deterred men from entering the profess ion, and one of the main barriers keeping them away is the wellentrenched societal stereotypes associated with nursing. Even though women and men are socialized differently, both genders have the caring and nurturing characteristics required for nursing. Societal attitudes have aligned these traits exclusively to the female gender. With the changes currently taking place in the healthcare system, nursing needs to recruit the top hat candidates, regardless of gender, who have the potential to develop their knowledge and skill in caring for individuals. To attract and retain more men will require a concentrated effort not only for those within nursing, but by other stakeholders as well. Nursing must be the root in breaking and correcting the barriers that impede the entry of men into the profession. As these barriers are broken, career options and choices in nontraditional careers may increase for both sexes (Trossman, 2003). finishingAltogether one might believe that nursing is one of the most important jobs in the medical field based on the esteemed history it has, its diversity, and its growing demand. One might also believe that nursing is a very important job due to the fact that people will always need health care. No matter whether it is female or male nursing is more than just caring for the sick, it is not only giving care to the patient but also caring about the patient and his or her well-being.

The Effect Of Race On Poverty

The Effect Of Race On P everywheretyracialism has existed throughout humane score, and it continues to represent operative capers for m some(prenominal) spate in the united States today. Racism is the belief that stars draw is primarily, the determining factor that reflects human traits and capacity. Racist ideology generally supports the premise that a crabbed bunk is either superior or inferior to an different, and that a persons social and incorrupt traits ar predetermined by his or her inborn biological characteristics. The singularity of racial differences, gives way to the belief of an inherent superiority of a extra washables(s), while simultaneously clubhouseing new(prenominal) races in a hierarchy. institutional racism causes large sum ups of separates, who ar deemed inferior, to be denied heretofore sanctioned rights or benefits befitting mankind. Conversely, the group that is deemed superior has, historically, been elevated to positions that allow t hem to honor preferential treatment over the so called inferior group(s). Why do batch from one social group oppress and discriminate against people from other social groups and why is it so difficult to eliminate? The train of this study gets if racial discrimination continues to represent a significant problem for African the Statesns and other pagan minorities in the U.S. Some race idealogue feel compelled to assert the rather pessimistic compute that racism is permanent, and even the use of politics and policy allow for non curtail the phylogenesis of racial distinction and antagonisms. racial ine lineament has become an enduring, deeply control take to bes of knowing and organizing the social world, and therefrom it is un apt(predicate) to be whole eliminated. The Black look in the united States has enriched the fabric of American history and society in a myriad of ways, many of which abide more(prenominal) thanover recently been recognized. However, the ove rarching theme of Black and other minority group experience has been one of misery, exploitation, in par, and discrimination. It is to this end, that those who wish to understand the minority experience in America ask the following question Are minorities making progress in the United States?Recent battles regarding accomplished rights and race discrimination in the United States were fought on devil fronts legal, and the publics lore of race. Legal fronts consisted of lawsuits and amended legislation prompted institutions such(prenominal)(prenominal) as schools, banks, and government jump onncies to lessen race discrimination. Brown vs. the board of education, the civil rights act of 1964/65, and other subsequent battles brought race discrimination to the attention of the American public. The former front involves the publics perception of race. Henry and Sears (2002) argue that public eyeshot concerning African Americans is governed by a psychological blend of negative feelin gs and right values, particularly the belief that African Americans violate cherished American values. The perception of African Americans is rooted in an abstract system of early intimate moral values and ideas that typically view them as social misfits.Racial conflict has plagued the United States from its inception, in particular it has been primarily driven by racial prejudice of African-American (Allport, 1979). While overt forms of racial discrimination, such as Jim crow segregation has all been eliminated in the United States, and whites opinions regarding racial issues scram become more gravid nevertheless, racial discrimination form a significant difficulty for many ethnic minority groups to demonstrate with in the United States. Moreover, recent research shows that racism has evolved from these overt forms of Jim brag segregation (older belief systems which incorporated social distance between the races). adept form of research has developed around the basic idea t hat advanced forms of racism has taken root in America, is the symbolic racism hypothesis (Sears, 1988). According to Kender and Sears (1981) symbolic racism is commonly described as a coherent belief system which supports concepts that, racial discrimination is no agelong a valid request of contention for African Americans, and that their disadvantage stems from personal irresponsibility, and thus their continual demand for equal treatment is non valid.Proponents of liberal optimism, on the other hand, contend that viable solutions to our nations race problems atomic number 18 possible. Robert pose (1950) clearly articulate key concepts of a race relation calendar method. set argues that race relations develop in a four cycle stage contact, conflict, accommodation, and assimilation. The first stage occurs when two or more diverse races of people come together, and they are obliged to interact with each other. Competing for meagre resources, they square up into conflict, which eventually gives way to accommodation, where a stable but enemy social order fosters a social hierarchy. Finally, Parks asserts that accommodation is reach when different races assimilate through a process of cultural and personal merging. The end result of such a merger is the development of one homogenous race, where class supersedes race as the primary focal plosive consonant of social distinction. Parks ascertain that race relations incessantly relapse through the previously mention four stages, and that the present location of particular race of people, offers strong evidence to bring up not only their yesteryear but as well the future path that a particular race of people will encounter.Our society, like many others throughout the world, is organized by powerful dynamics that are often very difficult to interrupt. liberty is a predictable precursor for such things as race distinction, because the inside(a) group must distinguish itself from other groups. Dist inctions based on race may not always be carried out with malicious intent, however, to suggest that the effects of such characterizations are inconsequential, definitely deserves examination. But, how are we to understand the realities that both produce such distinctions and the ensuing consequences that they invariably produce? Do we view them as purely accidental, or as oddities that simply seem to gamble? Or is race, in fact, reflective of designed dynamics that are seeded into the very fabric of our society?III. RESEARCH HYPOTHESISDoes race propel income equality? In theory, income does affect the quality of life, in terms of having resources to shroud ones success. The concept of income direct should demonstrate rather racism mud a significant barrier for the economic packaging of African Americans and other minorities in the U.S. The issues here that are under consideration do not difference the fact that the position of African Americans and other minorities has chan ged in the last multiplication rather it is the less traceable issue of whether these changes can be summed-up as measurable improvement of economic equality, and consequently an improvement in the quality of life of minorities in the United States. The social economic status of Caucasians (the simile group), African Americans, and other minorities African Americans and other minorities will be compared to discovery which group, on average, has a keep down family income below 25, 000 dollars. The context of relative primitive family income level of, individuals in a particular race, demonstrates to what degree, if any, racial equality has been achieved by considering which group is more plausibly to live in indigence.IV. DATA AND VARIABLESIn order to empirically examine rather race remains a significant barrier for the equality of ethnic minorities in the United States, this tec uses oecumenic Social Services (GSS) data. The GSS were designed as part of a data diffusion proje ct in 1972. The GSS replicated questionnaire items and wording in order to facilitate time trend studies. This data collection includes a accumulative file that merges all data collected as part of the General Social Services Surveys from 1972 to 2004. The 2004 survey was composed of permanent questions that appeared on two out of every three surveys and a small number of daily questions that occurred in a single study.The DEPENDENT VARIABLEIncome LevelA comparative level of income between Caucasians (the equality group), African Americans and other ethnic minorities over time will demonstrate rather racism remains a central hindrance to the advancement of minorities in the United States. That is, I hypothesis that Caucasians will show a noble close income from that of minorities and, therefore, a lowered propensity for having a gist family income of 25,000 dollars or less. If racial equality is present between races, then, we can expect to see a roughly uniform diffusion of income between the different ethnic groups, and an average number of people in different races, living in poverty. However, if we see a significant difference between bastardly incomes of different ethnic groups, then, we stomach that there is no real equality. The continuous inconstant income was converted to a divided variable (because of a skewed distribution of income) where if respondents score family income is 25,000 or less, then they are considered to live in poverty conversely, if the respondents total family income was in a higher place 25,000 dollars per year, then they are coded as not being in poverty.Income level is measured by the GSS variable (VAR INCOME). Respondents were asked, In which of these groups did your total family income, from all sources, fall last year before taxes that is? A fifteen point solvent category was used to capture respondents answers under $1,000 $1000 to 1,999 $2,000 to 2,999 $3,000 to 3,999 $4,000 to 4,999 5,000 to 5,999 $6,000 to 6,999 $7,000 to 7,999 $8,000 to 8,999 $9,000 to 9,999 $10,000 to 14,999 $15,000 to 19,999 $20,000 to 24,000 $25,000 or over refused dont know, no answer not applicable. The variable INCOME was converted into a divided variable 1) 1= living in poverty (income $25,000 or less) 2) 0= not living in poverty (income above $25,000).THE KEY item-by-item VARIABLERaceThe mere distinction of individuals by race invariably gives way to the belief that slight biological differences between certain groups of people predetermines the worth, intelligence, value, and other aspects of a persons being. As a consequence, race distinction, is typically followed by the formation of preset stereotypes regarding a particular group of people, and the creation of a racial hierarchy. Distinction by race has been the catalyst, throughout mans history, for wars as soundly as hate-crimes, and it has caused untold human suffering not only in the U.S., but indeed, throughout the entire world. It is this autho rs hypothesis that race continues to plague minorities in the U.S.Race is measured by the GSS variable (VAR RACE). Respondents were asked, What race do you consider yourself? Respondents were asked to select their discriminate race from a three-point scale White, Black, or other (specify). The key independent variable RACE was dichotomized as follows 1) Black or not, and 2) former(a) race or not.THE INDENENDENT VARIABLESThe independent variables in this study are Age, Sex, upbringing, faith, governmental affiliation, and years of education and training.AgeIt is my hypothesis that the working age of an individual will be positively correlated with a higher hatch income. That is, when people begin to work they will often blend at the low end of the pay scale in their individual occupations. However, as they gain more experience on the job, their worth to their employer increases, and thus they can demand higher incomes.Age is measured by the GSS variable (VAR ripen). Responden ts were asked to indicate their age by selection from the approximate eight point plectrum category. The categories are listed as follows 10-19 years of age (y.o.a.), 20-29 (y.o.a.), 30-39 (y.o.a.), 40-49 (y.o.a.), 50-59 (y.o.a.), 60-69 (y.o.a), 70-79 (y.o.a), 80 or over, and No answer/dont know.REMARKSRespondents age Data has been recoded into actual age in cols. 92 and 93. See Appendix D, and Appendix E. Age distribution, for the detailed response. The distribution for the first digit, col. 92 is given below. See Appendix N for changes. wakeNot only is income level stratified along racial dement ions, but, also by gender. Traditionally, the U.S. has always exercised patriarchal domination, and, as such men have characteristically held more prestigious employment positions that typically pay more. therefore, I expect that the tight income of men will be higher than that of women. sexual practice is measured the GSS variable (VAR SEX). Code respondents sex, theywere asked to in dicate their gender by employ the following two point responsecategory anthropoid, Female Male=1, female=2.Education LevelI hypothesize that higher individual levels of education will be positively correlatedwith higher a mean income. Individuals who have higher levels of education will bemore valuable to their employers because of special training, job skills, andknowledge allows them to perform specialized tasks.Education is measured by the GSS variable (VAR DEGREE). Respondents wereasked,What is your highest level of education? Respondents were asked to select their appropriate education level from a six-point scale which is listed as follows 1) Less than high school, 2) High school, 3) Associate/ junior college, 4) Bachelors, 5) Graduate, and 6) Dont know.Religion Raised withI hypothesize those individuals who were raise in families that regularly attended religious services as children will have a stronger work ethic, than those who did not, consequently, those individuals who were raised with religion will possess a higher mean income than those respondents who were not raised in a family that attended religious services.Religion is measured by using the GSS variable (VAR RELIG16). Respondents were asked, In what religion were you raised? Respondents were asked to select the religion they were raised in by making a selection from the following five-point choice selection category Protestant, Catholic, Judaic, none, other (specify religion, and/or church denomination. The variable godliness was dichotomized as follows 1) Jewish or not, 2) Catholic or not, 3) Protestant or not 4) separate religion or not, and None or not raised with any religion, is the comparison group.Political AffiliationI hypothesize those respondents who are republicans (who typically hold moretraditional values) will be more positively correlated with higher mean income levelsthan those of other political affiliations.Political affiliation is measured using the GSS Variable ( VAR PARDYID). Respondents were asked, Generally sermon do you usually think of yourself as Republican, Democrat, mugwump, or what? The variable PARDYID was dicothomised as follows 1) Democrat or not 2) strong-minded or not 3) early(a) political society or not.Hypothesis 1 Is there any significant gap in the income of African Americans and other minorities compared to those of Caucasians in the United States, and what ethnic minorities are more likely to live under the poverty level? If we find that a particular ethnic group is more likely to live in poverty compared to Whites, then, one might fold that racism continues to remain a significant obstacle for the economic advancement of the aforementioned minority groups. In addition to race, this study will also consider the impact of age, gender, religion, political affiliation, educational attainment, and the number of years worn out(p) obtaining formal education and training, with respect to relative income and those who live in poverty. privation is defined as the total family income level of respondents that falls at or under 25,000 annually.V. THE FINDINGSFrequency Distribution of the D.V. and the Key I.V.The main hypothesis of this report singles out the dependent variable as total family annual income (VAR INCOME), this continuous variable was converted into a dichotomous variable 1) respondents whose total family income was 25,000 dollars or less are considered to be in poverty, and they were coded as 1 and 2) those respondents whose total family income is above 25,000 dollars were coded as 0and they are considered not in poverty. There was a total of 2,812 respondents.1, 764 respondents (71.1%) inform that their total family income was $25,000 or more (not in poverty), and 718 (28.9%) reported that their total family was income was below $25,000 (in poverty), and 330 (11.7%) respondents showed missing data for this question.The Key Independent VariableRaceThe key independent variable for this study is race (VAR RACE), and this nominal variable was dichotomized as follows 1) Black or not, 2) former(a) race or not (White is the comparison group). The frequency distribution for Black or not is as follows there was a total of 2,812 respondents in this study, 377 of whom (13.4%) reported that they were Black, 2,482 respondents indicated that they were not Black, and 333 respondents liveed to answer the question. The frequency distribution for Other race or not is as follows 2812 respondents took part in the survey, and 201 persons reported that their race was Other (7, 1%), and 2,611 respondents reported that their race was not Other. chart 1Chart 2Calculate Univariate Statistics.The dependent variable INCOME was converted to a dichotomous variable (in poverty or not) and it has a frequency of 2482, a mean of 0.2893, and a specimen release of 0.45352. Most respondents in the survey had incomes that were 25,000 or more (not in poverty).The key independent variable RACE was d ichotomized as follows Black or not, and Other race or not (Whites are the comparison group). The frequency for Black or not is 2812, with a mean of 0.1341, and a standard diversion of 0.34079. The frequency for Other race or not is 2812, with a mean of 0.0715, and a standard deviation of 0.25767.AGE has a frequency of 2803, a mean of 45.96, and a standard deviation of16.1801.RESPONDENTS SEX has a frequency of 2812, a mean of 1.54, and a standard deviation of 0.498.RS HIGHEST DEGREE has a frequency of 2811, a mean of 1.61, and a standard deviation of 1.207.RELIGION IN WHICH RAISED was dichotomized as follows 1) Jewish or not, 2) Catholic or not, 3) Protestant or not, and 4) Other religion or not (No religion is the comparison group). Jewish or not has a frequency of 2809, a mean of 0.0228, and a standard deviation of 14924. Catholic or not has a frequency of 2801, a mean of 0.2960, and a standard deviation of 45656. Protestant or not has a frequency of 2801, a mean of 0.5598, and a standard deviation of 49650. Other religion or not has a frequency of 280, a mean of 0.0421, and a standard deviation of 20092.PARTYID was dichotomized as follows 1) Democrat or not, 2) Independent or not, and 4) Other political troupe (no political affiliation is the comparison group). Democrat or not has a frequency of 2800, a mean of 0, 3425, and a standard deviation of 0.47463. Independent or not has a frequency of 2800, a mean of 0.3539, a standard deviation of 0.47827. Other political party or not has a frequency of 2800, a mean of 0.0104, and a standard deviation of 0.10126.Pearsons Correlation AnalysisAs hypothesized Pearsons correlativity supports the premises that the total family income of Blacks, on average, is likely to fall at or below 25,000 dollars (poverty). Pearsons correlation is 0.175 (very significant) therefore we repudiate the null hypothesis, and relieve the secondary. That is, there is a significant difference between the average total families incomes of Blacks compared to Whites.Other races appeared to earn slightly more that Whites. Pearsons correlation for Other is -0.003. Therefore, we fail to do away with the null hypothesis for Others, and conclude that there is no significant difference between the average total family incomes of others as opposed to Whites.Pearsons correlation for income and other political party is -0.029, indicating a slight decrease in the number of other political party members who have a total family income of 25,000 dollars or less. Therefore, we fail to reject the null, and conclude that other political party affiliation does not significantly affect the total family income of these respondents, as opposed to Republicans.Pearsons correlation between poverty and Democrats show .064. Therefore, we reject the null, and accept the leap hypothesis Democrats are significantly more likely to show a family income of 25, 0000 or more a year. Democrats are less likely to have a total family income of 25, 000 dollars or less.Pearsons correlation between Independent party and poverty is -0.064, which is significant, therefore we reject the null hypothesis and accept the alternating(a) hypothesis. Independent party membership has a significant affect on poverty. That is Independent party members are more likely to have total family incomes of 25,000 dollars or less.Pearsons correlation between the Jewish religion and poverty is -.052 which is significant. Therefore, we reject the null hypothesis, and accept the alternative hypothesis. We conclude by stating that respondents who are Jewish are more likely to have a totally family income that is above 25,000 dollars.Pearsons correlation for Catholics is -0.55 which is significant. Therefore, we reject the null hypothesis, and conclude that Catholics are less likely to show a total family income of less than 25,000 dollars.Pearsons correlation for Protestants is -0.028 which is insignificant. Therefore, we fail to reject the null hypothe sis, and reject the alternative hypothesis. We conclude that respondents who are Protestant are not likely to have incomes below 25, 0000 dollars.Pearson correlation between other religions and poverty is 0.017 which is statistically insignificant. Therefore, we fail to reject the null hypothesis, and reject the alternative hypothesis. Respondents who coded as having Other political affiliation are not likely to have total family incomes below 25,000 dollars.Likelihood Ratio Chi-Sq.390.482**Nagelkerke R-Square.2093*P

The Critical Legal Studies Movement

The searing reasoned Studies movementThe Critical Legal Studies (CLS) movement came to the fore in the United States (US) in the 1970s. This movement is a body of like-minded thinkers who claim to attack the virtues that they adduce atomic number 18 proclaimed by the liberal good system. It is a root theoretical movement which rejects the clean-cution between right and politics and the impulse that fair play faecal matter be neutral and watch free. The movement proposes the consolidation of constabulary and neighborly theory. Since the Critical Legal Studies movement is relatively new, its value as a theory of police force of nature is still being assessed, however despite its continual development it has burstn frequently of interest to view about the law. Indeed, like other sceptical theories it may on a lower floormine the legitimate world of law which effective academics and practitioners t decease to portray. In Britain, the Critical Legal Conference was formed in 1984.1Although CLS has been largely a US movement, it was influenced to a great extent by European philosophers, such as nineteenth-century German affectionate theorists Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels and Max Weber Max Horkheimer and Harberd Marcuse of the Frankfrut School German societal philosophy the Italian Marxist Antonio Gramsci and poststructuralist French thinkers Michel Foucault and Jacques Derrida, representing respectively fields of report and literary theory. CLS has borrowed heavily from juristic realism, the school of sound model that flourished in the 1920s and 1930s. Like CLS scholars, profound realists rebelled over against accepted legal theories of the day and urged more(prenominal) attention to the social context of the law. Among noted CLS scholars Roberto Mangabeira Unger, Robert W. Gordon, Mark Kelman, Peter Gabel, Morton J. Horwitz, Dunkan Kennedy and Katherine A. Mackinnon.2The establishers of CLS found a yawning absence at the level of theo ry, fundamentally persuade that law and politics could not be separated. How could law be so tilted to favour the justly, given the prevailing explanations of law as either democratically chosen or the result of impartial judicial argumentation from neutral principles? Yet how could law be a tool for social change, in the face of Marxist explanations of law as mere epiphenomenal outgrowths of the interests of the powerful? CLS scholars corroborate influenced try to explain both why legal principles and philosophical systems do not yield determinate answers to specific disputes and how legal decisions reflect heathen and political values that shift over measure. They focused from the start on the styluss that law contributed to illegitimate social hierarchies, producing domination of women by men, nonwhites by whites, and the poor by the wealthy. They claim that apparently neutral language and institutions, operated by means of law, mask relationships of power and control. The emphasis on mortalism within the law similarly hides patterns of power relationships while making it more difficult to line up up up a sense of community and human interconnection. Joining in their assault on these dimensions of law, CLS scholars have differed considerably in their particular methods and views.3 peerless of the characteristic of CSL is that it has been rejected formalism. Formalism has tended to be the fall back location of liberal legal thinking when forced to confront the question how can a legal system give the physical bodys of neutral decisions expected of it. Formalists, as CLS characterise them,4circumvent this puzzle by insisting that the judge is not imposing his or anyone elses values but merely interpreting the terminology of the law. By separating core and penumbra Hart could be readyn to admit the problem by his indulgence that the judge had to have recourse to discretion in interpreting the penumbra of legal come ups.CLS theorists also sha re the related view that the law is indeterminate. They have shown that using standard legal arguments, it is possible to reach sharp contrasting conclusions in individual cases. The conclusions reached in any case result have more to do with the social context in which they are argued and decided than with any overarching scheme of legal reasoning. Moreover, CLS scholars argue that the esoteric and bend nature of legal reasoning actually screens the laws indeterminacy. They have used the ideas of deconstructionism to explore the ways in which legal texts are open to threefold interpretations.The CLS thesis refutes the claim that traditional legal scholarship produces rules and principles of law which attract human behaviour. Both legal formalism and positivism, which look upon law as a system of rules which are cerebrally made, are repudiated. Traditional legal scholarship treats the law as objective and neutral. The CLS claims that law can not be objective because human and s ocial realities always manifest themselves in the legal discourses.Roberto Mangabeira Unger, who teaches at Harvard Law School and is widely regarded as the intellectual leader of the movement, now offers the public a short manifesto he describes as more a proposal than a description. It is an ambitious and dazzling undertaking. It also defies marrow squashmation. It is a carefully crafted statement with ideas interlocked like a chain-link skirt that stretches as far as the eye can see. And the full project of his message can only be appreciated by an solicitous reading. Even so, five themes seem central to his argument. on that point were two distinct stages in the role of law in western societies before the groundbreaking era. First it served to establish and defend social hierarchies and social class divisions. Toward the end of the 18th century, however, it was put to the revolutionary task of protecting rights of individuals irrespective of their social rank or class. I n this country the founding fathers relied on republic (created by our public law, the Constitution) and the market (fostered by one-on-one law, notably contract) to give form and limits to those rights.5By the 20th century the context in which American law operated had drastically changed. Social arrangements sanctioned by law had come to include an array of hierarchies of stinting power and pernicious social distinctions protect as rights by the very legal system created to establish individual freedom and equality. The politics of democracy and the blind forces of the market proved lamentably inadequate to govern a society increasingly dominated by modern science and technology. Hence in that location is a compelling fill to restructure our social order to make it compatible with freedom and equality.The way to accomplish this reconstruction, according to Roberto M. Unger, is not through classical revolution of the kind Marx advocated, brought about by an alliance between d isaffected elites and the downtrodden. Rather law must(prenominal) be reinvented to give it a revolutionary new blueprint to lead the dismantling of the various hierarchies of power and privilege that through perversions of the legal process have come to threaten the higher values of our society.6Of lieu law, he says that it has its own inbuilt legal market which is a complete interest with its own legal structure in a democracy. agree to him, the situation is fraught with ambiguity and indeterminacy, because of the abstract nature of the concept of rights. With respect to contract law, Unger explains that contract law allows freedom to contract, but that this is promptly contradicted by other principles which say that people can only bind themselves in contract for what the law allows. Unger presents an argument on formalism which states that every doctrine relies on some view of human associations which are right and down-to-earth in social sustenance. The lawyer needs a th eory as his guiding vision, which prevents him from seeing legal reasoning as a venture of analogies. To Unger, reliance on analogies leads to analogy-mongering, and this must stop. He claims that this received wisdom is contestable as wrong, and to do this one should rely on a prescriptive theory of a branch of law supplied by the CLS. This is Ungers deviation doctrine, which embellishes the CLSs nihilistic view of law.Mark G. Kelman examines the importance to criminal law of the stage that precedes legal analysis. His argument is that legal argument has two phases interpretive construction and rational rhetoricism, and that the former, a vital step which undercuts the authority of the latter, goes virtually unexamined.7For example, the result of a case may depend on weather the defendants act is tag in a board or narrow time frame. This restitution has come to a head with a series of cases where battered women have murdered their husbands and the scope of the provocation defen ce has been tested.8If a broad time frame as been used she may have defences of provocation, even self-protection in a narrow time frame she has committed murder. There is no meta-theory to determine the appropriate time frame the decision then is unreasonable.There are some techniques which the CLS have deployed in analyzing legal texts, that is to say Trashing, Deconstruction, Genealogy, etc.Leading CLS scholar Mark G. Kelman defends trashing against mainstream academic critics, claiming that the discrediting of accepted legal argument is goodAccording to him the most frequently recurring theme in the attacks on our technique, the more-or-less hysterical counter-Revolution against Trashing. It is abundantly apparent that the vast preponderance of mainstream American legal academics were told (repeatedly) by their moms and dads, If you dont have anything nice or creative to say, say nothing at all.9Again he stated that law-and-economics studies of private law rules have not a ctually analyzed the concrete implications of rule choices on particular occasions, pretensions of policy relevance to the contrary. Instead, they have again and again simply derived apologies for existing arrangements from a highly general and theoretical economic vision.There are two politically central insights of mainstream private law and economics scholarship (1) In situations involving strangres (where markets cannot work because of transaction costs), proper legal rules that establish implicit fees for harming others can be applied to concrete cases so that parties who interact to create a joint cost will take all cost-justified, damage-averting precautions and (2) in situations involving those in contractual relationships, competitive markets function in such a way that buyers inevitably get whatever they need at the lowest possible price a *308 price that is the sum of the production cost of the desired good and a normal pull ahead sufficient to prevent industry exit.O ne goal, if not an inevitable effect, of trashing is to destabilise a variety of theoretical world views (and thus, one would hope, related *328 commonsensible world views) that imply the beneficence or inexorability of social life as we see it. Of course, asserting that there must be a causal connection between the high-level apologetics of the intelligentsia and the everyday mediating political ideals that help us organize and make sense of daily interactions would be patently ridiculous. But one can discern at to the lowest degree a close family resemblance between elaborate, mandarin apologetics and the more ordinary, complacency-inducing, commonsensical bits of wisdom without straining credulity.10According to Robert Gordon Decontruction is one of the CLS techniques best work is a familiar work kind of left-wing scholarship, unmasking the often unconscious(p) ideological bias behind legal structures and procedures, which regularly makes it easy for assembly line groups to organise collectively to pursue their economic and political interests but which makes it much more difficult for labour, poor people, civil rights groups to pursue theirs.11CLS claims that mainstream legal thought acts to reify it does this by translating social practices into things. For example, the relation between employer and employee brings about a range of consequences and expectations for both parties. The terms confirm or foster an implicit hierarchy both employer and employee will expect the latter to follow operating instructions and generally defer to the former.Another way to heighten awareness of the transitory, problematic, and compliant ways legal discourses divide the world is to write their history under the Genealogy technique.Some critics charge that CLS work hampers progressive political movements by challenging the idea of the subject and human agency. Others view CLS work as unimportant or failing because of inadequate development of specific policies, strat egies, or constructive direction. CLS is faulted for implying that simply changing how people think about law will change power relationships or constraints on social change, although a fair reading indicates that Crits simply treat changes in thought as a necessary but insufficient step for social change. Feminists and Critical Race Theorists object that conventional critical legal studies employ a critique of rights that neglects the concrete role of rights talk in the mobilization of suppress and disadvantaged people. Robert Gordon has responded with a warning that even such mobilization efforts must be done with an experimental air and full knowledge that there are no deeper logics of historical necessity that can guarantee that what we do now will be justified later.Total Word matter 2110.

Strategic Human Resource Management: British Petroleum

Strategic gay imaginativeness Management British oilWilliam DArcy of Anglo-Persia oil colour Company is the founding member of BP, in the year 1901. However, bits per second first retail gas institutionalize first ever clear in Britain in 1921. Through the long cadence it has grown massively callable to its fault reputation cosmeawide. It has since become a very caterful Oil club and enjoys a fair food market sh argon. Upon merging with Amoco- a regular army Oil Company, in 1998, BP then rebranded its retail gas stations and handy stores. bps is into the extraction and refining of oil and natural gas. Their retail ventures be under subsidiaries of Arco and BP filling stations. Since the turn of the millennium, BP took into come come for foreshorteng into research and information, concentratesing on alternative energy sources like bio fuels and so far it seems to be forrard(p) in this regard.In 2009, BP was account to be worth over $238 gazillion in assets wi th equity of $101.6 billion. With the ever increasing oil prices, their profits were reported to be nearly $21 billion in revenues of $291 billion. Today they wee-wee since g unmatched beyond the above quoted amounts of 2007. They employ over 96, 000 hatful valet de chambrewide.MISSION, election AND VALUE STATEMENTBP has a slogan argumentation that has not formally been saysWhat we stand forBP wants to be recognised as a great company that is competitively successful and a force for progress. We have a ingrained belief that we tramp make a difference in the world.We friend the world meet its growing need for heat, light and mobility. We strive to do that by producing energy that is affordable, secure and doesnt damage the environment.PRODUCTSBP products involveBio fuels, Gas and flatulence stations, Motor oil and lubri slopesR protrudee and journey planner, Gas and petrol station locatorTar conquer neutral a non profit carbon turnedsetting first stepLiquefied petroleum GasSolar energyBusiness investments includeAir BP, Arco Aluminium, Aromatics Acetyls, Asphalt and bitumen,BP Crudes, Franchising, ShippingGas and fuel cards, gas and power energy, Natural Gas Liquids, Solar powerIndustrial lubricants, Invoice trailing systems, Marine fuels and lubricantsOrganisational StructureThis is the line of command in an organisation. It is a hierarchic structure that shows the composition and sex act between the different departments within the organisation, masking clearly the channel of command, which may either, be a tall or flat kind of structure.bits per second organisational structureBoard of DirectorsRobert DudleyIain channelizeByron Grote administrator director ManagementMike DalySally T. BottRupert BondyMark BlyLamar MckayBob FryarBernard crazyAndy HopwoodSteve West soundly bps administrator Management (bp.com) includesRobert Dudley root word Chief decision makerHe became Group Chief Executive from 1st October 2010, taking over from Tony Haywood.Dr Byron Grote Chief pecuniary OfficerIs a member of BP board of directors and a member of the executive instruction aggroup. His responsibilities include, accounting for BPs integrated supply and trading activities.Iain Conn Chief Executive ameliorate and MarketingHe is the chief executive of the BP Groups refining and marketing business and also holds regional responsibilities for Europe, Southern Africa and Asia Pacific. He is a member of the board of directors and a member of the BP executive commission teamMark Bly Executive gainense death chair Safety and on the job(p)(a) RiskHis responsibilities includes strengthening safety operations, Risk Management and the systematic management of operations across BP corporate groupRupert Bondy Group General counselingHe is responsible for legal variationction, trademark, patents and licensing and complianceSally T. Bott Executive Vice President tender ResourceShe has held the post since her ap microscope sta gement, in 2005.Bob Fryar Executive Vice President EP ProductionHis responsibilities ar for the Safe and Compliant exploration and Production and Stewardship of resources across all regionsMike Daly Executive Vice President ExplorationHe is accountable for the leadership of BPs access, exploration and resource appraisal activities and the languish term replacement of BPs resource base.Andy Hopwood Executive Vice President, EP- Strategy and desegregationHas fixed in various positions in which he has been successful. He is also a member of the executive teamBernard Lo peerlessy Executive vice President -DevelopmentIs responsible for Drilling and completions and project use in the upstreamLamar Mckay President BP America.He is the chief BPs legate in the United States. Based in Houston Texas, where BP business units are involve in oil and natural gas exploration and production, refining chemicals, expatriation and alternative energySteve West wellspring Executive Vice President Strategy and IntegrationHe is accountable for BPs alternative energy businesses and manages all of BPs corporate activities in strategy and policy, internal communication media, press, investor relations, economics and long term research and technology.4.2 ANALYSE THE IMPACT OF BPS CULTURE ON THE MANAGEMENT OFHUMAN RESOURCES.Organisational assimilation is the collection of relatively uniform and lasting values, beliefs, customs, traditions and practices that are sha ruby-red by an organisations members, learned by new recruits and contagious from unrivaled generation of employees to the next. (Buchanan Huczynski 2004).It has been very successful in line with its brand name and corporate reputation. Its culture reflected in their statement slogan as infraBP is progressive, responsible, innovative and instruction execution driven. They have march on defined this statement asProgressive They are restless in the research and ontogenesis and rise in exploration and refinery of oil, gas and fuels. They believe they have the prescript of mutual advantage and can build productive relationships between themselves, their clients and partners. answerable It is attached to the safety and softenment of its people and the communities in the societies in which they operate. They plan for no accidents, no harm to people and protecting the natural environment. introduce we push boundaries today and create tomorrows breakthroughs through our people and technology transaction Driven BP is committed to deliver on their promises through continuous improvement and safe, reliable operations, by learning from their mistakesBP has over the old age, has maintained a culture that, as exhibited in its code of maneuvers and their governance procedures in place. wholeness attribute business strategy that BP has proceed to use in its system is that of Mergers. all over the years, BP has merged with separate oil companies in most p humanistic discipline of the world and this had lead to the organisations diverse corporate culture. Generally BP has a large market share and has always had the potential to grow- thanks to glacial strategies, much(prenominal) as Acquisitions, Franchising and licensing .The BP brand is so strong and successful world over and enjoyed a good reputation. Unfortunately, the fatal accidents at the refineries (2005) and the latest oil spill off the Gulf of Mexico in April 2010 are not serve uping the current business office that the organisation is in. It has presumed that BPs outmost interest is profit marginalising than the welfare of employees and the worldwide environment within which the firm operates. Trends of its culture in the next a couple of(prenominal) months to come are expected to have been improved, if not changed completely, in relation to how the organisation operates.BP is primarily do up of ii segments Exploring and Production and the Refining and Marketing, along with other business units including alternative energy.BP prides its human resource crown calculate and refers to them as our people. The organisations adult male resource management aims to get the right people in the right jobs, accessing different specialist skills and promoting excellent performance. They carry out a focussed recruitment procedures, they analyse performances and reward accordingly and invest in provision and development. The human resources department is make up top of the inning level executives and these make up what is k presentlyn as People Committee, which takes the boilers suit responsibilities for policy and decision relating to the employees.BP universe a multinational corporation, and having employees from different countries, altogether, ensures that has mavin of the most biggestBPs human resources are highly skilled and efficient. The organisations Human Resource professional act as business partners, some language strategic guidance, while others support the da y-to-day needs of managers and employees. In support its employees, BP invests in systems, data and core cognitive processes like governance, policy and compliance, so as to enable its human resource to respond quickly and effectively to the sporting changing energy industry.4.3 EXAMINE THE EFFECTIVENESS OF HUMAN RESOURCES MANAGEMENTIS MONITORED IN THE ORGANISATIONBPs Human Resource management is one of the transcend around the world. Its activities have also been admired and BP used to be one of the top priorities for employment in the energy sectors.Human Resources SystemsThis is the systems that BP has set in place in terms of its human resource management. It involvesRecruitmentBP is committed to a culture of diversity, this helps them attract, develop and retain outstanding talent- regardless of background, age, religion, ethnical origin, nationality, disability, sex orientation, gender or marital status (BP code of conduct document) (BP sustainability review 2009)BP was nam ed as the best energy company to launch a vocation in, based on factors like pay, rapid advancement and training plans. (Business Week 2009)The organisation has schemes like the student and graduate employment quick-wittedness which offers interested students and graduates intern opportunities.BP recruits graduates from a wide range of technical disciplines. In 2009, BP employed about 6500 out of which 470 were graduates.As BP is ever expanding, it requires qualified and able workers for its various projects around the world.Reward SystemsBP has rede squeezeed its reward strategies and processes, in such a way that, they can identify and reward top-performing businesses and undivided(a)s.In addition to pay, employees are rewarded according to how well they perform against specific objectives that must be clearly linked to the goals of the team as a whole.BP ensures to have benefit packages that are fair, attractive and sustainable for the long term for its employees. It states on their web internet site, that as of 2010, they introduced a new flexible benefits plan in the UK, which includes private medical insurance policy and health screening, as well as a cash read hardlyment for new make use ofs to purchase benefits and defined contribution pension plans for those employees no interminable eligible for the defined benefit planExecutive Reward packages stipend for executives is in cash and equity. This policy has been established by the remuneration mission of the board, whereas the policy for all other employees is by the group people committee. consort to BP, their reward packages, strike the appropriate balance between rewarding individual performance and reflecting group performance.Performance ManagementBP does recognise that its high organisational egression and market share is due to the employees great performances (both individually and as a team).It strives for a performance -driven culture, with a clear alignment between team performan ce, individual performance and bonuses that are received.BPs performance approach entails that all(prenominal) BP business plan is designed to accomplish elements of the groups overall strategies. Objectives and milestones for apiece individual are set in accordance with the team plan.There is a direct link between the goals set by BP board and that or other BP key businesses, and the performance contracts of their executive leadership. Standard approach is that, the executives performance is evaluated against their performance contract.BP carries out an internal and external evaluation processes in maturation plans for these group leaders Managers, peers and team members review leaders performance, using a 360 feedback tool, to identify their top three relative strengths and weaknesses.It runs Career Acceleration programme which supports rapid development of employees who have the highest potential and are expected to accomplishFor Managers, it runs a series of development pro grammes called Managing Essentials. This is aimed to assists line managers in attaining leadership skills. They hike up leaders to develop, as they expect the leaders or managers to not only if exhibit valuable expertise, but also to influence and motivate employees and be able to act decisively and deliver high quality leads.passport OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IN BPHaving researched and discussed the Human Resource Management in BP, I hereby recommend the effectiveness of the Human Resource Management. Their current systems in comparison to most local jobs (companies) are indeed second to none. Some of the highlighting points I base my pass on, includes the next working conditionsBP recognises the needs of individuals and has set out innovative working practices that encourage employees to enjoy a happy and productive work and spirit balance at every stage of their career.Flexible working BPs Information Technology infrastructure helps support flexible working and in that location are a variety of flexible working arrangements e.g. part time, and depending on employees role, they have home-based working or teleconferencing in some slew replaces the need to travel.Time to live As a global business, in that location are occasions when people have to work very warm an unsociable hours. If this is the chance, BP may consider whether to provide extra time off and or additional benefits.Family time BP supports family friendly policies, such as career breaks and adoption leave, aimed at allowing people to contribute to their families without compromising their professional development aspirationsGlobal Diversity and inclusion Council in the lead, is the Group Chief Executive. He ensures that the managers have the support they need to promote diversity and inclusion at every level of BP. It includes other senior managers and together they share their focus on making diversity and inclusion priority.Global Affinity Groups These a re local affinity groups, employee-led teams of individuals who share interests or backgrounds. These groups offer support, information and the hazard to help the business reach its diversity and inclusion goals.BPs Human Resource Management aims to attract and retain the best people, by oblation opportunities to employees to learn and develop both informal training and mentoring.Teams set out to support individuals through their progress, by assisting new employees dis look at their talents and abilities.BP has a focus performance management system is one of the best in the worldWhen employed, BP will align the individual objectives with the goals of the area of specialisation, upon which will be metrical to ascertain the effectiveness of the individuals performance against the objectives and contributions to those goals.Norman Rockwell Artist BiographyNorman Rockwell Artist BiographyNorman Rockwell was born in 1894. Rockwell enjoyed brief at an early age and soon decided he w anted to be an artist. At age 15 he left high indoctrinate and enrolled in two art schools simultaneously. His mornings were worn-out(a) at the National honorary society of Design, and his afternoons, spent at the Art Students League. He is perhaps best remembered for his non-finite Saturday Evening Post illustrations and artistic contributions to the advert industry. His early covers made Rockwell a star, and his exposures appeared in magazines and advertisements for the next half-century. Rockwell never considered himself an artist, but rather a commercial illustrator. After all, Rockwell never parti cloaked freehand, and almost all of his paintings were commissioned by magazines and advertising companies. No matter how many another(prenominal) contributions Rockwell made to the commercial arts over his career, they all had something in common. He understood the importance the sweep uping process had in order to achieve effective illustrations for his advertisements and ma gazine covers.In the beginning of his career Rockwell worked from real life. He used sets drawing in a flash onto his canvas. It has never been natural for me to deviate from the facts of anything onwards me, he says, so I have always dressed the representatives and be them precisely as I have wanted them in my picture then I painted the thing before me. If a model has worn a red sweater, I painted it red I couldnt possibly have made it green. I have tried again and again to take such liberties, but with little success.To keep up with the demand for a quicker turnaround for finished art, Rockwell began to use photos as a reference for his drawings. For twenty-three years I did all of my drawing and painting without any help from the camera. Even today I often work without photographs, yet I have found that if they are properly utilized they can sometimes prove an invaluable aid. I feel very strongly, however, that no one should resort to photographs until he has learned to dra w and paint extremely well without them.In Guptills book Norman Rockwell Illustrator a description of Rockwells proficiency is given in extensive detail. The first step was to get an idea. Without a good idea right at the start, only failure can result, Rockwell said. Once he had an idea, his procedure was to make small scale thumbnails with pencil. When the idea was approved, the models were selected. He commonly used friends and neighbors and his models. He always insisted on getting the perfect model even if it entailed a lengthy search. Rockwell then acquired the necessary props and would hire a lensman to shoot the scenes, while he directed the models. With his okayed preliminary exam pencil sketch and his selected photographs, Norman then did a small coat study in pencil. This was done to organize his materials and his thoughts about layout and composition. Next, he made a full size detailed charcoal drawing on architects detail writing. This was made to the exact size whic h he intended his final painting to be which varied according to the subject matter it was used for.Now the photographer was called again to reshoot the desired layout. Rockwell then painted from the photographs and did several color studies which allowed him to make tweaks to the tone, form or color. Rockwell then made a guide from his full size charcoal layout on to his prepared canvas. First, he would distinction this ona sheet of architects tracing paper, which he would then attach to his blank canvas. among the tracing paper and the canvas he would place transfer paper and traced it onto the canvas. After all this meticulous prepping he was now ready to paint.Eventually, Rockwell change his sketching process by using an opaque projector called a balopticon, which allowed him to cast photographic range of a functions onto his drawing surface, and lightly trace them. Rockwell said, When using the balopticon in this way, I do not simply copy everything which is projected from the photograph. Instead, I make many, many changes, large and small, in order to make the drawing like the image in my object of what I want to portray. I cannot emphasize this point too much. The real danger in using the balopticon is that you will develop the lazy tendency to follow the image exactly instead of following the creative idea or image within yourself.Painting from photographs canbe a altogether creative performance if the artist himself is creative. To copy the form, tone and color of a photographic print certainly is not creative. But one can be creative by modifying drawing, values and other aspects of the photo to adopt the creative needs of the subject. The camera is no substitute for those creative faculties of mind and hand which have always produced art and always will. The artist who cant draw or paint will never getanywhere trying to work from photographs.Probably the most important stage in Norman Rockwells technique was the drawing stage. In this stage , subjects were drawn in great detail, going so far as to indicate differences in light and shade by filling in areas with varying values of grey. If you look closely at a Norman Rockwell painting, much of his pencil lines can be seen lurking below the paint. I take the making of the charcoal layouts very seriously, Rockwell once remarked. alike many novices. I believe, wait until they are on the canvas before trying to solve many of their problems. It is much better to wrestle with them ahead through studies. Knowing that the success of his covers and advertisements depended on the strength of his ideas, Rockwell struggled to develop attractive picture themes. With the emphasis on preliminary drawings this allowed Rockwell to produce strong illustrations for his commissions. His successes in commercial art and the advertising industry are a result of those drawing phases.With his art on cover of the Saturday Evening Post, Norman Rockwell became an American icon. Although hesitant about approaching the Saturday Evening Post, he had dreamed for years of having his illustrations on the cover. Rockwell put aside his fears and in 1916 took two paintings and three sketches to Phildelphia and Mr. Lorimers office. Mr. Lorimer like the two paintings and approved the three sketches for future covers for the Saturday Evening Post. The first Norman Rockwell Saturday Evening Post cover was published May 20, 1916. Entitled male child with Baby Carriage (See fig. 1), it shows 2 boys in baseball uniforms making fun of another boy dressed in his Sunday suit get-up-and-go a baby carriage. One of Norman Rockwells favorite models, Billy Paine, markd for all three boys. On June 3, 1916, the second Saturday Evening Post Norman Rockwell cover was published. His second effort featured a kids circus with one kid in long underwear being the strong man. other kid in a top hat was the circus barker, extolling the other kids in the painting to see the show (See fig 2). This was th e second of the two finished paintings Rockwell originally showed to Mr Lorimer. All in all, more than 300 Norman Rockwell Saturday Evening Post covers were published.Norman Rockwells painting of a colonial tavern sign painter in the February 1936 issue of The Saturday Evening Post had caught the shopping mall of Princeton architect Thomas Stapleton, who decided to commission Rockwell to do a wall painting for the reconstructed 1756 Nassau Tavern located in Princeton. Rockwell enjoyed doing colonial subjects and because Princeton was the site of a major Revolutionary War battle, a painting of northern Doodle seemed appropriate. Yankee Doodle was placed behind the bar to be enjoyed by all the male guests (See Fig. 3). Rockwell researched and had new costumes made for his models. He meshed his friend, Fred Hildebrandt, a professional model and illustrator, who had posed as the colonial sign painter, to pose as Yankee Doodle.This painting underwent several phases in education for the oil painting. First, a drawing was done from the model, with very little changes being done (see fig 4). Second, a drawing was done from the first drawing. In this version the drawing was pushed further. Here he makes the body thinner, the arms and legs are elongated, and the shape of his nose is changed. The clothing also adds to the character and his action. The vest now creates a more interesting silhouette, while the smaller scarf helps thin the shape of his upper body. The negative infinite between him and the saddle, as well as the disheveled hat, flowing hair and coat, convey a game ride (see fig. 5). Third, the drawing is transferred and a color-study is done (See fig. 6). Finally, the finish changes are made. just about are subtle, but there is improved contrast to the coats folds, and changes to the negative space in relation to the elbow. (see fig 7). These process images support Rockwells comments that the ability to draw is the most import.In the cover illustrat ion for The Saturday Evening Post on April 16, 1955, Art Critic, Rockwell was far from beginning his final painting when he perfect this drawing. His photographer recalls that Rockwell considered this one of the most difficult paintings he had done. He spent more time on it than on almost any other Post cover. Using his wife Mary as the model, the face of the womanhood in the portrait changed no a few(prenominal)er than 17 times. (See fig 8). For each alteration, Rockwell painted a separate oil-on-acetate sketch, which he then could place for affection within the portraits frame. At some point Rockwell replaced the 17th-century landscape on the opposite wall with a group portrait of Dutch cavaliers. The cavaliers critical honoring of the students close examination of the ladys pendant added a new dynamic and further compelled the viewers participation in Rockwells painting. You can also see Rockwells process drawings leading up to his finished Post cover paintings in regular a Flat August 3, 1946 (See Fig. 9) and Weighing In June 28, 1958 (See Fig. 10). Record of his work process is rare and really provides insight in to his technique.On the cover of The Saturday Evening Post, Norman Rockwell earned his reputation as an artist. Inside, however, his work was just as moving. His paintings regularly appeared inadvertisements. Rockwells advertising career started in 1914 with a Heinz ad in the Boy Scout Handbook and ended 64 years later in 1976 with Lancaster Turkeys. Rockwell also did advertising illustration for companies like Jell-O, Willys cars, grape Nuts and Orange Crush. He is also remembered for his numerous advertisements for such companies as Coca-Cola, Ford Motor Company, and Sun-Maid Raisins.Even in Rockwells advertisement illustrations he continued his technical processes and the use of drawing with models and photographs. When people ask why I sometimes resort to photographs, I tell them what a job it is to get models to take and hold poses li ke in this Interwoven Socks advertisement. Any time you wish to become a model, try either of these poses for a few proceeding, says Norman. (See Fig. 11). In the Fisk Tire advertisement he draws from a live model rather than a photograph to create his painting (see fig. 12). In this case my model was old Pop Fredricks, known to all illustrators. He was a great guy, an old actor. He used to pose twenty-five minutes and then rest. Before the pose we would set the alarm clock, a thundering Big Ben. Waiting for the blasted thing to go off was nerve-wracking after about twenty minutes I would be on edge. Once I had Pop in a sleeping pose and he actually fell asleep, I let him sleep until noon. One of Rockwells advertising campaigns resulted in 81 black-and-white drawings. The Massachusetts Mutual career Insurance Co. commissioned him to create scenes reflecting family life for a national advertising campaign. Rockwell reportedly used a hard, grease-free type ofcrayon for the sketche s (see fig.13). Massachusetts Mutual chose the black-and-white medium because it represented a contrast to the color advertisements used by most companies in the 1950s and 1960s, and the company hoped it would grab peoples attention. The company ran ads with the drawings in The Saturday Evening Post, Time and Newsweek.

Rosa Lee Cunningham Case Study

genus genus genus genus Rosa lee(prenominal) Cunningham Case StudyRosa lee side Cunningham is a B privation American woman who has lived a pathetic life be a victim of extreme beggary, child ab recitation and deprivation of love and nurturance from her let. The traumatic experiences in her life has guide to her addiction to a lifestyle that further degrades her as a person instead of rising from her unfortunate situation.From childhood, she has learned the acrimonious reality that black girls fillight-emitting diode to be trained to c ar for the family and rest home while black boys atomic number 18 pampered. Rosa lee underwent hard grind for the family under the watchful eye of her severely harsh mother, Rosetta.Education was non given a priority in Rosa lee(prenominal)s growing years. Her mother would prefer that work and chores were done well and schooling was not as important, as she inculcated to Rosa leeward that she would never amount to aroundthing more than sweet in domestic work. Rosa leeward entangle deprived of work on in her childhood, as she motifed to chop wood, stick out heavy things, rinse a room spotless and cater to her familys every need. As an swelled, being overly clear(p) with the house became her way of coping with stress.Rosa downwind crave for her mothers approval. Her attempts to be close to her mother were often met with hostility. When she learned to steal nice things to finisher her mother, she would be reprimanded, only when juveniler, as her mother would survey the merchandize, would throw her arms around her with appreciation. such acts of intimacy were short-lived, as Rosetta did not hesitate to inflict physical harm at Rosa leeward whenever she displeased her. On the other hand, her father, Earl Wright, an alcoholic had break away regard for her and indulged her with whatsoever coins he can spare for her whenever he was drunk.In school, Rosa lee(prenominal) felt that her poverty was holding her back from becoming what she was destined to be. In her puberty, she noticed that other children had nice c spreadhes while she wore rags. At this age, the need to belong and be noticed by other children becomes very pie-eyed. Her prototypal shoplifting episode was borne bulge of this desire to be upgraded in footing of fashion. From then on, stealing became a way of life, and she became better and better at it until such m when she managed to subtly slip merchandize in her waiting pocket edition or under her skirt.Rosa lee(prenominal) fared poorly in school, not realizing that she was a slow learner until she had the unfortunate episode of being impel out of a class with a teacher she admired. With Mrs. Whitehead, she felt that she was learning, and enjoyed her tenet strategies. However, when she was caught in her class, she was instructed to join another class which Rosa lee cute to escape from in the premiere place. This prompted her to become truant in school. Si nce she never took school seriously after Mrs. Whitehead, she did not develop her literacy skills to the fullest. This lack of version skills proved to be disadvantageous to her.Her misdemeanors have brought her to troublesome situations, leading to an earliest pregnancy at age thirteen. She had to kick downstairs schooling to have her beginning(a) born which her mother cared for. Soon after, she found herself pregnant again, and again and again, do her a mother of doubled children onwards she reached her twentieth birthday. Her promiscuous appearance is a desperate call for assistanceer to be released from her mothers clutches. Once, she succeeded in having a man marry her only because he was threatened by Rosetta, exactly a few months later, Rosa Lee found herself back in her mothers house as she had no other way to go because her keep up beat her.To feed her children, she had to resort to prostitution and interchange il legitimate doses. She incessantly justified s uch ship canal of generating income as way of life of survival for her octet children. Her steady income came in the way of welfare checks which her mother had full make of.Rosettas idea of child-rearing was to Rosa Lee, contradictory. The noble cause of setting the children on the straightforward path (ex. that stealing is bad) is often implemented by violent acts. Such beatings or harsh cursing became a staple situation in Rosa Lees household. The traumatic sluicets and monstrous feelings that come of it do Rosa Lee vow that she would never do harm to her own children.Because Rosa Lee had no credible economic consumption model for morality, she set her own standards, which unluckily were easy bent. She herself taught her children to steal clothes so they had something nice to wear or other things so they had something to sell to buy food. Later on, she would involve her children and grandchildren in the dose trade because policemen dont usually go after young children. She never expected that they would get hurt in the process, but failed to consider that she was lay them at risque put on the line.When Rosa Lee plaintually became a dose addict herself, it became so natural to her and her children to share the illegal dose use. Their critical point drug sessions impressed upon the children her tolerance of such a habit, making it cheerful for them to justify it and even depend on their mother to supply it or money to get it from their drug dealers. This series of effect abuse overlap by Rosa Lee and her six children merited them jail sentences and even acquiring the HIV virus for Rosa Lee and her two children she shared needles with.It is pathetic that Rosa Lee and her children do not learn from the consequences of engaging in their drug habit, since upon release from jail, they are soon at it again. yet the threat of the AIDS disease did not deter them from continued by-line of the next high.Waking up to a painful reality of povert y and hopelessness after the high has worn off-key, her children merely exist. They do not have the drive to go out and make something of themselves to live shape lives. Instead of being employed in a decent job, they would alternatively depend on Rosa Lee who pushes herself to do what she does best selling drugs and shoplifting just so her children are fed, housed and even given money to get their drugs. For Rosa Lee, this is her way of showing love for them.Prolonged use of dangerous drugs, and her high level of stress have resulted in some physical illnesses in Rosa Lee as manifested by seizures, memory lapses and stomach pain. To manage it, she has been receiving her daily dose of Methadone at the confederacy clinic. However, at times, such symptoms become too much to bear and she ends up confined in the hospital.This paper attempts to analyze Rosa Lees mental indite and diagnose her psychological situation victimization a multiaxial evaluation from the data gathered fr om her life story by Leon Dash and the Diagnostic and statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV).Axis I Substance Abuse/ dependencyRosa Lees manifested symptoms whitethorn be diagnosed as Substance Abuse/Dependence. on a lower floor DSM-IV-TR (text revision of 2002). Following are the usual behaviors exhibited by substance abusers/ symbiotics centre ABUSEManifests one or more of the following behavior un successful person to fulfill major obligations Rosa Lee has been habitually tardy in settling her bills, resulting in cut-off of services. She is unable to manage her finances, as she misappropriates her budget to her and her childrens drug supply instead of food for every eubstance or payment of utilities.Use when physically hazardous In spite of the threat of her HIV virus routine into a full-blast AIDS disease, or simply when she knows that her physical condition makes drug use lethal for her, Rosa Lee continues to indulge in drugs. perennial legal problems Rosa Lee has b een arrested several times for shoplifting or busted for selling or using drugs.Recurrent social or interpersonal problems Rosa Lee is unable to take for her childrens addictive behavior. She continually supports their drug habit by handing them the money to buy drugs and then tries to part with them whenever they get in trouble associated with their drug use. Personally, she is frustrated with how they treat her but she seems religious serviceless as she keeps her feelings usually bottled up inside and occasionally pushed to the limit. Since she has vowed never to be like her abusive mother to her children, she instead indulges their whims even if it brings unfortunate results for them.With substance ABUSE the user has a choice he/she uses in spite of illegal, unsafe consequences, or inappropriateness of the drinking/drugging experience. (DSM-IV-TR, 2002). With Rosa Lees history of drug use, she continues to use drugs despite her awareness of its consequences to herself or her family.SUBSTANCE DEPENDENCE (ADDICTION/ALCOHOLISM)Manifests three or more of the following behavior allowance Rosa Lee tolerates the consequences that follow her drug use pain, inability to bring normally, even her childrens seemingly abusive behavior towards her.Withdrawal Rosa Lees body responses to drug use withdrawal are usually associated to how she takes medication to control the accumulated and related symptoms that the use of dangerous drugs have caused. Since her reading skills are inadequate, she is not accurate in following the dosage of the prescribed medication, create her body to react with seizures, memory lapses, etc.Large amounts over a long period Rosa Lees intake of drugs/ illegal substances depends on its availability. The more drugs available for the taking, the more she can consume. This has gone on for near of her adult life.Unsuccessful efforts to cut down Despite her numerous attempts/ announcements to stop and reclaim her life by avoiding drugs, she w ould usually fall back into the drug habit. metre spent in obtaining the substance replaces social, occupational or recreational activities Rosa Lees numerous commitments have usually been missed due to her drug problem. go on use despite adverse consequences Rosa Lee has gotten herself in dread(a) circumstances because of her substance abuse/ dependency. Her repetitive confinements in the hospital, the threat of AIDS, the risk of being hurt by drug dealers may force her to stop using drugs, but when a stressful event comes to her life, or when her defenses are down, she would weakly give in to the temptation of taking drugs when it presents itself.Axis II Developmental Disorders/ Personality DisordersFrom the data gathered, Rosa Lee seems to present a number of developmental disorders. From childhood, it was shown that she was a slow learner and her inadequate literacy skills has led her to troublesome consequences (e.g. misreading prescribed dosages of medication has caused her ag gravated physical illnesses her lack of understanding of simple systems such as billing or legal consequences has pushed her further in deeper problems).Her poverty and feelings of deprivation has pushed Rosa Lee to impetuously steal from stores. Gaining approval from her family members due to the merchandise she has stolen has become the reward for this inappropriate behavior. Her usual excuse for it is just trying to survive, a rationalization she has passed on to her children and grandchildren.Rosa Lee shows some obsessive-compulsive behaviors when she is stressed. She cleans her house in solemn to the point that it is spotless.Axis III Physical ConditionsRosa Lees prolonged substance abuse/ dependency has caused her a lot of physical illnesses such as memory loss, body pains, seizures, general malaise and most of all, HIV from overlap needles when injecting dangerous substances to the body. Such illnesses has made Rosa Lee progressively weaker physically confining her to her b ed whenever these attack.Axis IV Severity of Psychosocial StressorsThe prominence of her mothers role in her life has greatly affected the formation of her character and personality. Rosa Lee was terribly afraid of her exploitative and cruel mother who force her to do things against her allow for. She was physically and ver wrapy abused. In spite of this, Rosa craved for her love and affection. When she already felt suffocated of her mothers hold on her and her life, she found ways to get away from her such as getting pregnant and marrying early, which backfired and led her back to her mother.Being a breadwinner of the family (both her own children and her mother and siblings) pushed Rosa Lee to work harder at acquiring income to support them all. In spite of this, she felt unappreciated and taken advantage of, but she passively accepted her fate.unceasingly supporting her children even in their adulthood was as well as a strong psychosocial stressor for Rosa Lee, as they were ve ry much dependent on her that they even expect her to save them from the detrimental consequences such as bailing them out of jail, screen for their transgressions and taking their place to suffer the consequences of their own misdemeanors. Rosa Lees idea of enate love is just to give and to give, as her selfish and inconsiderate children continually take and take, giving their mother nothing in return.The environment where she lives in is another source of stress for Rosa Lee, as it eggs on her continuous engagement in the drug trade. If she or whatsoever of her children is sinful of crossing anyone, the threat of harm becomes prevalent.Axis V Highest Level of processUpon the thorough and keen reporting of Leon Dash, Rosa Lee has been portrayed as a street-smart woman who is truly a survivor in the background of her personal situation. She knows how to manipulate the sentiments of judges or other people who easily fall for her deceptive demeanor. She manages to acquire the ne cessary income for her family to survive in direful circumstances. When things are carefully explained to her and made sure that she understood the consequences of her behavior, Rosa Lee does the necessary action to normalize her life and become drug-free for a certain period of time. Her weak will may be made stronger with careful scaffolding of reminders and even threats to her safety. She also call for to be prodded to depose herself when it comes to her children who control her emotionally by pushing the right buttons.Proposed Treatment programIn coming up with an appropriate discourse platform for Rosa Lee, many factors are to be considered. Like in most cases, treatment needs to combine psychological therapy with the treatment of the physical addiction.Before any treatment visualise is attempted, Rosa Lees intrinsic desire to be ameliorate mustiness be expressed. The decision to be healed of her addiction should help her commit to being cooperative with the concrete v ision that she will indeed be free from the bondage of the addiction.To cleanse her body of the chemicals she has ingested, Rosa Lee needs to go through medical detoxification. While detoxification alone is rarely sufficient to help addicts achieve long-term abstinence, for some individuals it is a powerfully indicated precursor to effective drug addiction treatment. (National represent on medicate Abuse, n.d.). As it is, Rosa Lee has been taking her doses of Methadone, a drug that helps her in stabilizing her life and reducing her illicit drug use. Her treatment plan must besides complicate treatment and management of her HIV positive evince to prevent it from becoming a full-blast AIDS disease. Priority should be helping Rosa Lee regain her physical vigor and game spirit.Since her immediate environment is one factor that encourages her addiction, she must be move to a less threatening environment that promotes well-being. Being in a stress-free environment greatly helps i n achieving peace. A conducive environment also facilitates deep introspection and coming up with an action plan to travel along a drug-free and positive lifestyle after the treatment process.The most important element in the treatment plan is Rosa Lees psychological therapy. Managing the effects of her trauma from childhood entails getting to the root of it. Therapy must include her revisiting of the past and steps to achieve closure from the psychological pain inflicted by her overpowering mother and the prejudicial socio-cultural environment that exploited her dignity as a person.Family therapy is essential in the healing of Rosa Lees affliction. Since the dysfunctional members are likewise culprits in encouraging Rosa Lees addiction, they themselves must undergo psychological therapy not only for her but also for their own good. In doing so, an sceptred sense of self and responsibility is hoped to be developed.Psychotherapy will help in treating Rosa Lees emotional wounds. The need to understand why things off out the way they are should be met so the individual is fitted out(p) to resolve the situation and move on. One example is for Rosa Lee to understand the dynamics she shared with her mother and how she should manage the strong feelings her painful relationship still brings about. Being able to manage it will help her in dealing with stressful situations associated with her mother.Rosa Lees strengths should be used in the treatment plan. Among these are her deep love for her family and her creative and critical thought abilities. In helping her understand how her dysfunctional behavior puts her children and grandchildren at risk may help her shift her paradigm on love. Encouraging her to be strong in denying her children the whims which may bring them harm by using tough love may be effective in likewise strengthening her character. She may find it very difficult at first considering giving in to all her childrens whims has been her parenting styl e for a long time and her way of showing love for them, but finally, as she reaps the fruits of her sacrifice, she will eventually be accustomed to it.Her creative and critical thinking skills may be called upon whenever she feels tempted to relapse into her addiction after treatment. She may find ways and means to avoid anything that would trigger her urges to take illicit drugs like old co-drug dependent friends, drug dealers, or even places she associates with her former life in the drug trade.In the book, there were frequent references to the power of worship over her. This may mean that Rosa Lee finds it important. Being exposed to the teachings of her chosen religion may help her acquire proper understanding of moral values. It would be ideal if religion and spirituality would be her substitute for the ultimate high she is perennially in search of.Even at a late age, she may still be given tutorial sessions on develop literacy skills. Not only will she learn to read and wri te, but her trust and self-esteem will be improved, giving her hope for a better future. Vocational rehabilitation such as engaging in arts and crafts, gardening, cooking, etc. will not only keep her mind off her addiction but also equip her with more skills. Such skills will help her find appropriate, decent and gainful employment to start her off in her reformed life.Rosa Lee is also recommended to get into self-assertiveness training to enable her to non-defensively express her emotions. This will help her not to be easily taken advantage of people, especially her family members who are forever and a day out to get a cut of her welfare checks. She will likewise be empowered to think of herself positively, and even contest the societal norms and beliefs she grew up on, which were part responsible in lowering her self-esteem.An effective treatment plan attempts to cope to her medical, psychological, vocational, social, and even legal needs. Rosa Lee had left a lot of pending legal cases, and these need to be resolved or if need be, she should be amenable to face the verdict responsibly.As Rosa Lee gets better in her treatment plan, consistent monitoring of her progress must be assessed continually and modified as necessary to ensure that the plan meets her changing needs.Recovery from drug addiction can be a long-term process and frequently requires multiple episodes of treatment. As with other continuing illnesses, relapses to drug use can occur during or after successful treatment episodes. Addicted individuals may require prolonged treatment and multiple episodes of treatment to achieve long-term abstinence and fully restored functioning. Participation in self-help support programs during and following treatment often is helpful in maintaining abstinence. (National Institute on Drug Abuse).The complications in Rosa Lees life have contributed to the state she is currently in. Like a pack of a wrongly- knitted ball of yarn, her treatment plan should c arefully release the knots to unravel the strands so a more accurate weave may be started and completed before she finally expires.No matter how unfortunate one lives his life, there is always hope for change. In Rosa Lees case, if she is determined to turn her life around, no one can stop her from achieving the happiness and fulfillment a clean life and amend her ways and teachings she has previously imparted to her children and grandchildren. She will continue to carry the burden of being responsible for her family being the matriarch, but change needs to begin with her. Hopefully, positive change will rub off on her children and grandchildren. Only then could a trans-generational woundedness begin to heal, as she may be the first real credible role-model they can ever have.